Cryosphere glossary
a layer or body of unfrozen ground occupying a depression in the permafrost table beneath a lake.
the relatively dark appearance of the underside of a cloud layer when it is over land that is not snow covered; this term is used largely in polar regions with reference to the sky map; land sky is brighter than water sky, but is much darker than ice blink or snow blink.
atmospheric processes with a representative scale (large-scale) of 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles); in meteorology, it is a scale in which the curve of the earth is not negligible; the large-scale atmospheric flows are essentially nearly hydrostatic, nearly geostrophic and wave-like in appearance; they exist mainly in response to the latitudinal differences in radiative heating, to the particular value of the coriolis force and to the spatial distribution of the oceans and continents.
the amount of heat required to cause a change of phase from solid to liquid, or the heat released when the phase change is from liquid to solid; in the case of melting snow, the phase change from ice to water requires a significant amount of heat160 times that required to raise the temperature of the same amount of ice by just 1 degree Celsius; until the required amount of heat is supplied to completely melt all of the ice being considered, no further increase in temperature will occur.
a polynya that forms from strong winds in a persistent direction that push the ice away from a barrier (the coast, fast ice, a grounded iceberg, or an ice shelf).
a ridge-shaped moraine deposited at the side of a glacier and composed of material eroded from the valley walls by the moving glacier.
a layer or body of unfrozen ground, overlain and underlain by perennially frozen ground.
the southernmost (northernmost) latitude at which permafrost occurs in a lowland region in the northern (southern) hemisphere.
the subdivision of a permafrost region into permafrost zones, based on the percentage of the area that is underlain by permafrost.
the cryostructure of frozen silt or loam in which ice layers alternate with mineral layers that have a massive cryostructure.
long, linear areas of open water that range from a few meters to over a kilometer in width, and tens of kilometers long; they develop as ice diverges, or pulls apart.
Image
Lead that developed through the middle of an Arctic camp site.
Don Perovich, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory