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Data Set ID: 
G00801

GLERL Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983, Version 1

Daily maximum and minimum temperatures for 25 stations around the Great Lakes, 1897 to 1983, were given to NSIDC by the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), Ann Arbor, MI. Daily data can be used to produce daily maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures, and seasonal accumulations of freezing and thawing degree days. The statistical data are archived in ASCII text files transcribed from 25 reels of 35 mm microfilm, one roll per station. Microfilm rolls are the appendices to Assel (1980), with updates covering 1978 to 1983 spliced to the end of each microfilm roll. Data sources include U.S. Department of Commerce summaries of meteorological data for Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New York, and the monthly meteorological observations published by Environment Canada.

This is the most recent version of these data.

Parameter(s):
  • Atmospheric Temperature > Air Temperature > AIR TEMPERATURE
  • Atmospheric Temperature > Degree Days
  • Atmospheric Temperature > Maximum/Minimum Temperature > MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
Data Format(s):
  • ASCII Text
Spatial Coverage:
N: 49, 
S: 41, 
E: -76, 
W: -93
Platform(s):GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
Spatial Resolution:
  • Varies
Sensor(s):THERMOMETERS
Temporal Coverage:
  • 1 January 1897 to 31 December 1983
Version(s):V1
Temporal ResolutionVariesMetadata XML:View Metadata Record
Data Contributor(s):Raymond Assel

Geographic Coverage

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As a condition of using these data, you must cite the use of this data set using the following citation. For more information, see our Use and Copyright Web page.

Assel, R. A. 1995. GLERL Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983, Version 1. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5VD6WCJ. [Date Accessed].

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Overview

The data set of daily minimum and maximum air temperatures at 25 locations on the perimeter of the Great Lakes for the period 1897 to 1983 can be used to calculate freezing degree-days (FDD's) and thawing degree-days (TDD's).

Stations are: Rochester, NY, Kingston, Ont., Port Dover, Ont., Buffalo, NY, Oswego, NY, Detroit, MI, Chicago, IL, Cleveland, OH, Toledo, OH, Erie, PA, Alpena, MI, Bay City, MI, Port Huron, MI, Green Bay, WI, Milwaukee, WI, Parry Sound, Ont., Fort William, Ont., Thunder Bay, Ont., Escanaba, MI, Traverse City, MI, Muskegon, MI, Toronto, Ont., Houghton, MI, Marquette, MI, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, Duluth, MI.

Detailed Data Description

The data set consists of files in the table below, and a FORTRAN routine for accessing the data. Note that this code was developed on an SGI running IRIX 4.0.1 and is only intended as a template and may require updates by the user for the appropriate operating system. The files containing "77" within the file name refer to the data used for Assel, 1980 (GLERL-15) while the "83" files refer to the updates used for Assel, 1986 (GLERL-29). The data for 1977 contained in the "83" files supersedes the 1977 data in the "77" file. Note that the data for Escanaba, MI was supplemented with data from Fayette, MI for 1978 to 1980. The data from stations in Midland, Ontario and Standish, MI were used to replace data from Parry Sound, Ontario, and Bay City, MI respectively. Note that for the files covering 1977 to 1983 for the stations in Ontario Canada, the data is reported in degrees C to the nearest 0.1 degree. For example, -110 indicates -11.0 C.

Table 1. File Descriptions
File Description File Description
alp77.dat Data for Alpena, MI from 1897 to 1977 mil77.dat Data for Milwaukee, WI from 1897 to 1977
alp83.dat Data for Alpena, MI from 1977 to 1983 mil83.dat Data for Milwaukee, WI from 1977 to 1983
bci77.dat Data for Bay City, MI from 1897 to 1977 mqt77.dat Data for Marquette, MI from 1897 to 1977
buf77.dat Data for Buffalo, NY from 1897 to 1977 mqt83.dat Data for Marquette, MI from 1977 to 1983
buf83.dat Data for Buffalo, NY from 1977 to 1983 msk77.dat Data for Muskegon, MI from 1897 to 1977
chi77.dat Data for Chicago, IL from 1897 to 1977 msk83.dat  Data for Muskegon, MI from 1977 to 1983
chi83.dat Data for Chicago, IL from 1977 to 1983 osw77.dat Data for Oswego, NY from 1897 to 1977
clv77.dat Data for Cleveland, OH from 1897 to 1977 osw83.dat Data for Oswego, NY from 1977 to 1983
clv83.dat Data for Cleveland, OH from 1977 to 1983 pas77.dat Data for Parry Sound, Ontario from 1897 to 1977
det77.dat Data for Detroit, MI from 1897 to 1977 pas83.dat Data for Parry Sound, Ontario from 1979 to 1983
det83.dat Data for Detroit, MI from 1977 to 1983 ptd77.dat Data for Port Dover, Ontario from 1897 to 1977
dul77.dat Data for Duluth, MN from 1897 to 1977 ptd83.dat Data for Port Dover, Ontario from 1977 to 1983
dul83.dat Data for Duluth, MN from 1977 to 1983 pth77.dat Data for Port Huron, MI from 1897 to 1977
eri77.dat Data for Erie, PA from 1897 to 1977 pth83.dat Data for Port Huron, MI from 1977 to 1983
eri83.dat Data for Erie, PA from 1977 to 1983 roc77.dat Data for Rochester, NY from 1897 to 1977
esc77.dat Data for Escanaba, MI from 1897 to 1977 roc83.dat Data for Rochester, NY from 1977 to 1983
esc83.dat Data for Escanaba, MI from 1977 to 1983 ssm77.dat Data for Sault Ste. Marie, MI from 1897 to 1977
ftw77.dat Data for Fort William/Thunder Bay, Ontario from 1897 to 1977 ssm83.dat Data for Sault Ste. Marie, MI from 1977 to 1983
ftw83.dat Data for Fort William/Thunder Bay, Ontario from 1977 to 1983 stn83.dat Data for Standish, MI from 1977 to 1983
grb77.dat Data for Green Bay, WI from 1897 to 1977 tol77.dat Data for Toledo, OH from 1897 to 1977
grb83.dat Data for Green Bay, WI from 1897 to 1977 tol83.dat Data for Toledo, OH from 1977 to 1983
hou77.dat Data for Houghton, MI from 1897 to 1977 tor77.dat Data for Toronto, Ontario from 1897 to 1977
hou83.dat Data for Houghton, MI from 1977 to 1983 tor83.dat Data for Toronto, Ontario from 1977 to 1983
kin77.dat Data for Kingston, Ontario from 1897 to 1977 tvc77.dat Data for Traverse City, MI from 1897 to 1977
kin83.dat Data for Kingston, Ontario from 1977 to 1983 tvc83.dat Data for Traverse City, MI from 1977 to 1983
mid83.dat Data for Midland, Ontario from 1976 to 1981 degree_day.f FORTRAN routine to extract data
Format

The data files are in ASCII text format. The first number in the data record denotes the station number where temperatures were recorded, the second the month (1-12) recorded, and the third the year. The remainder of the record contains 31 sets of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit. Records for months with less than 31 days end in zeros for both maximum and minimum temperatures to make the record the same lengths as 31 day months. Note: For the files covering 1977 to 1983 for the stations in Ontario Canada, the data is reported in degrees C to the nearest 0.1 degree. For example, -110 indicates -11.0 °C.

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File Size

The entire data set is 14.8 MB.

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Spatial and Temporal Coverage and Resolution

Daily minimum and maximum air temperatures at 25 locations on the perimeter of the Great Lakes for the period 1897 to 1983.

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Parameter or Variable

The parameters are air temperature, degree days, maximum/minimum temperature.

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Data Acquisition and Processing

Sensor or Instrument Description

Thermometers were used to measure air temperature.

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Data Processing

The FORTRAN routine, degree_day.f, will read an input data file and extract the minimum and maximum temperatures and place these into an array. This program was developed on a SGI running IRIX 4.0.1 and is intended only as a template for the user.

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References and Related Publications

Assel, R. A. 2005. Great Lakes weekly ice cover statistics. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-133. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 27 pp. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov//pubs/tech_reports/glerl-133/tm-133.pdf.

Assel, R. A. 2004. Computerized National Weather Service Great Lakes ice reports for winter seasons 1899-1970. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-130. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 31 pp. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/tech_reports/glerl-130/tm-130.pdf.

Assel, R. A. 2004. A Laurentian Great Lakes ice cover climatology. Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Eastern Snow Conference, Portland, Maine, June 9-11, 2004. 2 pp. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040027.pdf.

Assel, R. A., F. H. Quinn, and C. E. Sellinger. 2004. Hydro-climatic factors of the recent drop in Laurentian Great Lakes water levels. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85(8):1143-1151. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040017.pdf.

Assel, R. A., S. Drobot, and T. E. Croley, II. 2004. Improving 30-day Great Lakes ice cover outlooks. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5(4): 713-717. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040016.pdf.

Assel, R. A., S. Drobot, and T. E. CROLEY, II. 2004. Improving monthly Great Lakes ice cover outlooks. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-129. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 22 pp. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/tech_reports/glerl-129/tm-129.pdf.

Assel, R. A. 2004. Lake Erie ice cover climatology -- basin averaged ice cover: winters 1898-2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-128. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 15 pp. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov//pubs/tech_reports/glerl-128/tm-128.pdf.

Assel, R. A. 1980. Great Lakes Degree-Day and Temperature Summaries and Norms, 1897 - 1977. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-15, January 1980 NTIS number: PB80-195977. 

Assel, R.A. 1986. Great Lakes Degree-Day and Winter Severity Index Update: 1897-1983. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-29, May 1986 NTIS number: PB86-22243.

RELATED NSIDC DATA COLLECTIONS

Contacts and Acknowledgments

NOAA/GLERL
2205 Commonwealth Boulevard
Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1561

Acknowledgments: 

This data set is maintained at NSIDC with support from the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center.

Document Information

Document Creation Date

1995

Document Revision Date

July 2017: A. Windnagel fixed broken links in References section.
July 2006:  This document was reformatted. F. Fetterer reviewed this document.

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