[GLIMS] GLIMS book authors: check Contents, authors, flags
Jeffrey Kargel
jeffreyskargel at hotmail.com
Sat Mar 2 16:12:23 MST 2013
Dear GLIMS book authors:Please check the attachments, and:
1. Verify that the contents of your chapter are correct as listed (all sections, subsections, sub-subsections are listed correctly). There have been minor corrections since that last version was sent.
2. Verify that the author list is correct (and if you wish an expanded name, rather than initials, let us know).
3. Verify that the flags are accurate and are modern versions. Note that the flags are of the nations hosting the authors' institutions; if you wish your country of citizenship to be represented instead or in addition, let us know. (We will include the flags as a pictorial acknowledgement only if it is apparent that there are no strong objections from authors to include the flags, and that there are no incendiary statements implied by the depicted flags, i.e., these should be flags of U.N.-recognized states and the current, official flags recognized by each of the states. If anybody perceives a big problem, let me know, and we will delete plans for this pictorial acknowledgment. We will not imply that the book is an official product of the depicted nations, only that the book was written by a many-nation group of scientists.
4. If you wish for us to make an equivalent montage to depict funding agencies, please send the logo of that agency. We will not imply that this book was produced by those agencies, only that they provided support for some of the work contained in the book. If we get five or more agencies including NASA and ESA, we will include their logos (again, without implying any official link or approval, just that they funded some related research).
Sincerely,
Jeff Kargel
Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
Publisher: Springer-Praxis Books, Subseries: Geophysical Sciences
ISBN: 978-3-540-79817-0
Editors: Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Michael P. Bishop,
Andreas Kääb, and Bruce H. Raup
CONTENTS
Dedication
Preface
(Hugh H. Kieffer)
Prologue
(Jeffrey S. Kargel)
Acknowledgements
Part I Glacier
Monitoring and Fundamentals of Glacier Remote Sensing
(or Glacier
Monitoring and Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers)
1
Introduction: Global
Glacier Monitoring – a Long-Term Task Integrating In-Situ Observations and
Remote Sensing (Michael Zemp, Richard
Armstrong, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Wilfried Haeberli, Martin Hoelzle, Andreas Kääb,
Jeffrey S. Kargel, Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa, Gregory J. Leonard, Frank Paul,
Bruce H. Raup)
1.1 Why this Book?
1.2 Perennial
Surface-Ice on Land
1.2.1 Definitions
1.2.2 Global Coverage
1.3 Glaciers
and Climate
1.3.1 Formation of Glaciers and their Dynamical
Controls
1.3.2 Glacier Reactions to Climate Change, and Response
Times
1.3.3 Reporting Glacier Change Rates
1.4 International
Glacier Monitoring
1.4.1 History
of the International Glacier Monitoring in the 19th and 20th
Century
1.4.2 The Global Terrestrial Network for
Glaciers (GTN-G)
1.4.3 Available
Data Sets
1.4.4 Challenges of the 21st Century
1.5 Glacier Observations from Space
1.5.1 Satellite Observations in GTN-G
1.5.2 Possible Applications
1.5.3 Challenges
1.6 Integrative Glacier Change Assessments
1.7 Synopsis and Organization of the Book
1.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
2 Theoretical Foundations of
Remote Sensing for Glacier Assessment and Mapping (Michael P. Bishop, Andrew
B.G. Bush, Roberto Furfaro, Alan R. Gillespie, Dorothy K. Hall, Umesh K. Haritashya,
and John F. Shroder Jr.)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radiation-Transfer Cascade
2.2.1 Solar Irradiance
2.2.2 Surface Irradiance
2.2.2.1 Direct Solar Spectral Irradiance
2.2.2.2 Diffuse-Skylight Spectral Irradiance
2.2.2.3 Adjacent-Terrain Spectral Irradiance
2.2.3 Surface Reflectance
2.2.3.1 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution
Function and Albedo
2.2.4 Surface Emission
2.3 Surface-Energy Interactions
2.3.1 Snow
2.3.2 Glaciers
2.3.3 Water
2.4 Complications
2.5 Space-Based Information Extraction
2.5.1 Snow Cover
2.5.2 Ice Sheets
2.5.3 Alpine Glacier Mapping
2.5.4 Debris-Covered Glaciers
2.5.5 Snow Line and ELA
2.5.6 Ice-Flow Velocities
2.6 Numerical Modeling
2.6.1 Climate Modeling
2.6.2 Energy-Balance Modeling
2.6.2.1 Net Radiation
2.6.2.2 Turbulent Heat Fluxes
2.6.2.3 Ground Heat
2.6.3 Glacier Mass-Balance Modeling
2.7 Conclusions
2.8 Appendices
2.8.1 Notation
Acknowledgements
References
3 Radiative Transfer Modeling in the
Cryosphere (R. Furfaro, A. Preveti, P. Picca, J.
S. Kargel, and M. P. Bishop)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Radiative Transfer Modeling of Glacier Surfaces and
Lakes
3.2.1 RT Modeling Approach for Glacier
Surfaces
3.2.2 Radiative Transfer Equation in Layered
Mixtures of Snow, Ice, and Debris
3.2.3 Radiative-Transfer Equation in Glacier
Lake Waters
3.3 Optical properties of snow, ice, debris, mixtures,
and glacier lake water
3.3.1 Snow
3.3.2 Glacier ice
3.3.3
Rock Debris
3.3.4
Mixtures
3.3.5
Glacier Lake Water
3.4 Numerical
Solution of the RTE
3.5 Glacier
Radiative-Transfer Simulation Examples
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Glacier Mapping and Monitoring Using Multi-Spectral Data (Andreas
Kääb, Tobias Bolch, Kimberly Casey, Torborg Heid, Jeffrey Kargel, Gregory Leonard,
Frank Paul, Bruce Raup)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Image Preprocessing
4.2.1 Radiometric Calibration
4.2.2 Geometric Preprocessing
4.3 Multi-Spectral Methods
4.3.1 Spectral Reflectance of Glacier Surfaces
4.3.1.1 Snow
4.3.1.2 Ice
4.3.1.3 Rock
4.3.1.4 Water
4.3.1.5 Vegetation
4.3.2 Image Classification Approaches
4.3.2.1 Hard and Soft Classification
4.3.2.2 Manual, Supervised and Unsupervised Classification
4.3.2.3 Parametric and Non-Parametric
Classification
4.3.2.4 Spatial and Spectral Segmentation
4.3.2.5 Sub-Pixel Classification
4.3.2.6 Combinations and Others
4.3.3 Image Processing Techniques
4.3.3.1 Manual Delineation
4.3.3.2 False-Color Composites
4.3.3.3 Calculation of Reflectance
4.3.3.4 Spectral Transforms
4.3.3.5 Image Algebra and Segmentation
4.3.3.6 Unsupervised Classification
4.3.3.7 Supervised Classification
4.3.3.8 Artificial Neural Networks
4.3.3.9 Combinations
4.3.4 Post-Processing and GIS Workflow
4.4 Mapping Debris-Covered Ice
4.5 Thermal Imaging
4.6 Microwave/SAR Methods
4.7 Spectral Change Detection and Temporal Data
Merging
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Image
Change Evaluation by Subtraction of Multispectral Anniversary Pairs
(ICESMAP)
4.7.2.1 Generalized ICESMAP Processing Steps
4.8 Ice Flow
4.8.1 Image Choice and Preprocessing for Image
Matching
4.8.2 Image
Matching Techniques
4.8.3 Post-processing and Analysis
4.8.4 Accuracy
4.8.5 SAR
Offset Tracking and Interferometry
4.9 Challenges, Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
5 Digital
Terrain Modeling and Glacier Topographic Characterization (Duncan J. Quincey, Michael P. Bishop, Andreas
Kääb, Etienne Berthier, Boris Flach, Tobias Bolch,
Manfred Buchroithner, Ulrich Kamp, Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa, Thierry Toutin, Umesh
K. Haritashya, Adina Racoviteanu, John F. Shroder Jr., Bruce H. Raup)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background
5.3 Digital Elevation Model Generation
5.3.1 Source Data
5.3.2 Aerial and Satellite Image Stereoscopy
5.3.3 Ground Control Points
5.3.4 Software Packages
5.3.5 Post Processing (interpolation and
smoothing)
5.3.6 Data Fusion
5.4 DEM Error and Uncertainty
5.4.1 Representation of DEM Error and
Uncertainty
5.4.2 Type and Origin of Errors
5.5 Geomorphometry
5.5.1 Geomorphometric Land Surface Parameters
5.5.2 Scale-Dependent Analysis
5.5.3 Topographic Radiation Modeling
5.5.4 Altitude Functions
5.5.5 Glacier Elevation Changes and Mass-Balance
Calculations
5.6 Glacier Mapping
5.6.1 Pattern Recognition
5.6.2 Artificial Intelligence Techniques
5.6.3 Object-Oriented Mapping
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 ASTER datasets and derived products for global glacier
monitoring (Bhaskar
Ramachandran, John Dwyer, Bruce H. Raup, Jeffrey S. Kargel)
6.1 Introduction
6.2. ASTER Data Access and Use Policy
6.3. ASTER data
6.3.1. Performance of
ASTER VNIR, SWIR, and TIR
6.3.1.1. Доверяй, но проверяй (doveryai, no proveryai;
“Trust, but verify”)
6.3.1.2.
Performance Overview
6.3.2.3.
Radiometric Calibration
6.3.2.4.
Geometric Corrections
6.3.2.5.
Earth Rotation Angle Error
6.3.1.6.
Nutation-related Longitudinal Error
6.3.2.7.
Earth Ellipsoid-related Terrain Error
6.3.2.8.
Loss of SWIR
6.4. ASTER Data Processing Stream
6.4.1. Standard Level-1A
and Level-1B
6.4.2.
ASTER Standard Higher-Level Products
6.4.2.1.
Reflectance Suite
6.4.2.2.
Temperature/Emissivity Suite
6.4.2.3.
Detection Versus Full Resolution of Features in VNIR, SWIR, and TIR
6.4.2.4.
Elevation Products
6.5. ASTER Data for GLIMS: STARs,
DARs, Gain Settings, and Image Seasons
Acknowledgments
References
7 Quality in the GLIMS Glacier Database (B. H.
Raup, S. J. S. Khalsa, R. Armstrong, W. A. Sneed, G. S. Hamilton, F. Paul, F. Cawkwell,
M. J. Beedle, B. Menounos, R. Wheate, H. Rott, S. Liu, X. Li, D. Shangguan, G. Cheng,
J. S. Kargel, C. F. Larsen, B. F. Molnia, J. L. Kincaid, A. Klein, V. Konovalov)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Standard Methods and Tools
7.3 Accuracy and Precision in Glacier Mapping
7.4 The Glacier Analysis Comparison Experiments (GLACE)
7.4.1 GLACE 1 and GLACE 2
7.4.2 GLACE 2A and GLACE 3A (Manual
Digitization)
7.5 GLACE Results
7.5.1 GLACE 1 and GLACE 2
7.5.2 GLACE 2A and GLACE 3A
7.5.3 Discussion
7.6 GLIMS Glacier Database and the Data Ingest Process
7.6.1 Ingest Quality Control Steps
7.6.2 Representation of Measurement Error
7.6.3 Derived Parameters in the Database
7.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part II Regional Chapters
8 Mapping of Glaciers in Greenland
(Leigh A.
Stearns and Hester Jiskoot)
8.1 Greenland
Glaciology
8.1.1 Ice Sheet Mass Changes
8.2 Case Study #1: Central East Greenland Margin
Fluctuations and Climate Sensitivity from
a
GLIMS Glacier Inventory and ASTER DEM
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Methods
8.2.3 Results
8.3 Case Study #2: A Comparison of High-Rate GPS
and ASTER-Derived Measurements on
Helheim
Glacier
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Data
8.3.3 Results
8.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
9 Remote Sensing of Recent Glacier Changes in the Canadian Arctic (Martin Sharp, David O. Burgess,
Fiona Cawkwell, Luke Copland, James A. Davis, E. K. Dowdeswell, J. A.
Dowdesewell, Alex S. Gardner, Douglas Mair, Libo Wang, Scott N. Williamson, Gabriel
J. Wolken, Faye Wyatt)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regional Context
9.2.1 Geology and Physiography
9.2.2 Climate and Recent Climate Trends in the
Canadian Arctic
9.2.3 Glacier Characteristics
9.3 Special Topics: Regional Glacier Mass
Balance and Proxy Indicators
9.3.1 Surface Mass Balance and Mass Balance
Changes
9.3.2 Summer Melt
9.3.3 Ice Flow and Iceberg Calving Fluxes
9.4 Case Studies
9.4.1 Surge-Type Glaciers
9.4.2 Northern Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves
9.5 Regional Synthesis: Recent Changes in
Equilibrium Line Altitude and Glacier Extent
9.5.1 Methodology
9.5.2 Results
9.6 Key Issue
9.6.1 Changes in Glacier Surface Elevation,
Volume and Mass; Sea Level Contributions
9.7
Summary and Conclusions
References
10 A Digital Glacier Database for Svalbard (Max König, Christopher Nuth,
Jack Kohler, Geir Moholdt, Rickard Pettersen)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Regional Context
10.3 Database Structure
10.4 Data
10.4.1 The Original Topographic Map of Svalbard
(S100) – 1936 / 1966 / 1971
10.4.2 The 1990 Photogrammetric Survey
10.4.3 The Satellite Dataset
10.5 Methodology
10.5.1 Creation of Glacier Outlines from
Cartographic Data for the 1936/66/71 Dataset
10.5.2 Creation of Outlines from Cartographic Data for
the 1990 Dataset
10.5.3 Creation of Outlines from Satellite Data for
the 2001-2010 Dataset
10.5.4 Glacier and Snow Patches Smaller than 1 km2
10.6 Results
10.7 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
11 Glaciers of Kenai Fjords National Park and Katmai National Park and
Preserve, Alaska (Bruce A. Giffen, Dorothy K. Hall, Janet Y. L. Chien)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Regional Context
11.2.1 Geographic, Topographic, and Environmental
Setting
11.2.2 Climate
11.2.3 Glacier Characteristics – Kenai Fjords National Park
11.2.4 Glacier Characteristics – Katmai National Park
and Preserve
11.3 Procedures for Analysis of
Glacier Changes
11.3.1 Imagery Classification
11.3.2 Complicating Issues
11.3.3 Manual Editing
11.4 Satellite Imagery
Interpretation Accuracy
11.5 Areal Extent – Glacier Ice
11.5.1 Kenai Fjords National Park
11.5.2 Katmai National Park and Preserve
11.6 Terminus Position
Measurements
11.6.1 Methodology
11.6.2 Kenai Fjords National Park
11.6.3 Katmai National Park and Preserve
11.7 Discussion and Conclusions
References
12 Glacier Dammed Lakes, Alaska (David F. G. Wolfe, Jeffrey S. Kargel,
Gregory J. Leonard)
12.1 Introduction
12.2
Regional Context
12.2.1.
Geographic Setting
12.2.2.
Climate
12.2.3.
Previous Research
12.3.
Methods
12.3.1.
Horizontal attributes
12.3.2.
Mean Glacier Altitude (MGA)
12.3.3.
Glacier-Stream Order (complexity)
12.3.4.
Glacier Surface Gradient
12.3.5.
Damming Glacier Origin and Terminus Types, and Minimum-Maximum Altitudes
12.3.6.
Aspect of the Icedam and of the Damming Glacier
12.4.
Results
12.4.1.
Changes Over Time: Lake-Damming Glaciers
12.4.1.1.
Damming Glacier Origin Data
12.4.1.2.
Damming Glacier Termini Data
12.4.1.3.
Damming Glacier Complexity
12.4.1.4.
Damming Glacier Gradient
12.4.2.
Changes Over Time: Glacier Dammed Lake Population
12.4.2.1.
Lake Location Along the Damming Glacier Margins: Absolute and
Proportional Shifts
12.4.2.2. Lake Hypsography:
Above Sealevel and Below Mean Glacier Altitude (MGA)
12.4.2.3.
Aspect of Ice Dam Populations
12.4.2.4.
Ice Dam and Lake Type Changes Through Time
12.4.2.5.
Changes in Big Lakes and Some Notable Anecdotes
12.5
Case study: Iceberg Lake
12.5.1.
Overview
12.5.2.
Satellite Observations
12.5.3.
Field Observations
12.5.4.
Satellite-era Hydrology
12.5.5.
Possible Causes of Iceberg Lake’s Dynamical Evolution
12.6.
Discussion and Conclusions
12.7
Appendices
12.7.1.
Study Area Lakes and Locations
12.7.2.
Study Area Lake Attributes
12.7.3.
Study Area Glacier Properties
Acknowledgments
References
13 Multispectral
Image Analysis of Glaciers in the Chugach Mountains, Alaska (Jeffrey S. Kargel, Matthew J.
Beedle, Andrew B.G. Bush, Francisco Carreño, Elena Castellanos, Umesh K.
Haritashya, Gregory J. Leonard, Javier Lillo, Ivan Lopez, Mark Pleasants,
Edward Pollack, and David Wolfe)
13.1 Introduction
13.2.
Regional Context
13.2.1.
Geological Context
13.2.2.
Climatic Context: Descriptive Overview and Down-Scaled Model
13.2.3.
Regional Significance of Glaciers in the Chugach/St. Elias Mountains
13.3.
Case Studies: Glacier Inventorying and Assessment of Glacier Dynamics
13.3.1.
A preliminary Inventory of the Bering-Malaspina Glacier Complex
13.3.1.1.
Towards a Comprehensive Inventory in a Region of Superlatives
13.3.1.2.
Data, Methods, and Errors
13.3.1.3.
Results
13.3.1.4.
Implications/Discussion
13.3.2. Glaciers of College Fiord:
Harvard and Yale Glaciers
13.3.2.1.
College Fiord Overview and Data Availability
13.3.2.2.
Retreating Yale Glacier and Advancing Harvard Glacier
13.3.2.3.
DEM Generation and Analysis
13.3.3.
Scott Glacier
13.3.4.
Glaciers of the Copper River Corridor: Childs, Miles, and Allen Glaciers
13.3.4.1.
Calving Glaciers
and Near Damming of the Copper River.
13.3.4.2.
Miles
Glacier and Glacial Aneurysms, Not Surging, as a Cause of Crenulated Medial Moraines
13.3.4.3. Childs
Glacier: Exemplifying How Difficult it is for a Glacier to Dam a Perennial River
13.3.4.4.
Allen
Glacier: A Century of Decay of a Mighty Piedmont Placier
13.4.
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
in the Canadian Cordillera, Western Canada (Roger
D. Wheate, Etienne Berthier, Tobias Bolch, Brian P. Menounos, Joseph M. Shea, John
J. Clague, Erik Schiefer)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Regional
Context
14.2.1 Topographic Setting
14.2.2 Climate
14.2.3 Glacier Distribution and Characteristics
14.3 Special
Topics and Case Studies
14.3.1 Glacier Hazards
14.3.1.1 Outburst Flood from Queen Bess Lake, 1997
(51.3°N, 124.5°W)
14.2.1.2 Outburst Floods from Summit Lake (56.2°N, 130.0°W)
14.3.1.3 Tulsequah Glacier and its Lakes (58.8°N, 133.8°W)
14.3.1.4 Capricorn Creek Landslide, 2010 (50.6°N, 123.5°W)
14.3.2 Glacier Changes
14.3.2.1 Bridge Glacier, Southern Coast Mountains, British
Columbia
14.3.2.2 Dusty and Lowell Glaciers, Yukon
14.4 Regional Glacier Inventories
and Synthesis
14.4.1 British Columbia and Alberta
14.4.2 Yukon
14.5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
15 ASTER and DEM Change
Assessment of Glaciers Near Hoodoo Mountain, British Columbia, Canada (Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Roger Wheate, Benjamin Edwards)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Geologic and Climatic Context
15.3 Special
Topics
15.3.1 ASTER Image Differencing
15.3.1.1 2002/2003 Image Pair: A Record of Annual
Changes
15.3.1.2 2003/2010 Image Pair
15.3.2 Topographic Differencing of Hoodoo Mountain
and Vicinity: Analysis of 4-Time Series of DEMs
15.3.3 Mass Balance of Glaciers in the Hoodoo
Mountain Study Region
15.3.4 Ground and Air Photo Assessment of Glacier
Changes on Hoodoo Mountain and Vicinity
15.3.4.1 Twin Glacier
15.3.4.2 Hoodoo Glacier
15.3.4.3 Hoodoo Mountain Ice Cap
15.3.5 Glacier and Climate Changes in the Vicinity
of Hoodoo Mountain
15.3.5.1 Climate Records
15.3.5.2 Inferences for Glacier Response Times
15.3.5.3 Figure of Merit for Climate Change and Energy
Requirements to Drive Glacier Thinning
15.4 Synthesis
and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
16 Glaciers of the Ragged
Range, Nahanni National Park Reserve, Northwest Territories, Canada (Michael N. Demuth, Philip Wilson, Dana Haggarty)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Geographic,
Social, and Climatic Context
16.3 Glacier
Inventory and Morphometry
16.4 Regional
Synthesis
16.5 Recommendations
for Further Work
Acknowledgements
References
17 Glaciers and Perennial
Snowfields of the U.S. Cordillera (Andrew G. Fountain,
Hassan J. Basagic IV, Charles Cannon, Mark Devisser, Mathew J. Hoffman, Jeffrey
S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Kristina Thorneycroft, Steve Wilson)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Regional
Context
17.2.1 Geologic Context
17.2.1.1 The Cascade Range
17.2.1.2 Olympic Mountains
17.2.1.3 Sierra Nevada
17.2.1.4 Rocky Mountains
17.2.2 Climatic Context
17.3 Methods
17.4 Results
17.4.1 California
17.4.2 Colorado
17.4.3 Idaho
17.4.4 Montana
17.4.5 Nevada
17.4.6 Oregon
17.4.7 Washington
17.4.8 Wyoming
17.4.9 Advancing Glaciers
17.5 Case
Studies Using ASTER
17.5.1 Grinnell Glacier, Glacier National Park,
Montana
17.5.2 Glacier Changes on Mount Rainier, Washington,
Assessed with Use of ASTER and
MASTER
Multispectral and Thermal Imagery
17.5.2.1 Background
17.5.2.2 Methods
17.5.2.3 Historic Changes of Mount Rainier’s Glaciers
17.5.3 ASTER and Field Studies of Blue Glacier,
Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA
17.6 Summary
and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
and Icecaps in Iceland (Oddur
Sigurðsson, Richard S. Williams Jr., Sandro Martinis, Ulrich
Münzer)
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 History of Mapping Iceland’s Glaciers
18.1.2 Scientific Analysis of Iceland’s Glaciers
18.1.3 Air- and Space-borne Imaging and Remote
Sensing Analysis of Iceland’s Glaciers
18.2 Regional
Context
18.2.1 Geography and Geology
18.2.2 Climate and Climate Variability
18.3 Special
Topics and Methodology
18.3.1 Types of Glaciers
18.3.2 History of Iceland’s Glacier Variations
18.3.3 Identifying the Outline, Transient Snowline,
and Firn Line of Glaciers
18.3.4 Jökulhlaups
18.4 Three
Case Studies
18.4.1 Transient Tephra Lines
18.4.2 Classification of
Vatnajökull Ice Cap According to Three Different Outlines
18.4.3 The Impact of the 2004 Jökulhlaup on
Glacier Dynamics of Skeiðarárjökull
18.5 Regional
Summary
References
19 Norway (Liss M. Andreassen, Frank Paul, Jon Endre Hausberg)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Regional Context
19.2.1 Glacier Observations
19.2.2 Glacier Changes
19.2.3 Previous Glacier Inventories
19.2.4 Digital Glacier Outlines from Topographical
Maps (N50)
19.3 Methodology
(Derivation of Glacier Outlines from Landsat)
19.3.1 Selection of Landsat Scenes
19.3.2 Glacier Mapping Methods
19.4 Case
Studies and Special Topics
19.4.1 Glacier Size Distribution
19.4.2 Assessing Area Changes in Jotunheimen and
Svartisen
19.4.3 Uncertainties
19.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 European Alps (Frank Paul, Yves Arnaud,
Roberto Ranzi, Helmut Rott)
20.1 Introduction/Overview
20.2 Regional
Context
20.2.1 Geographic and Topographic Characteristics
20.2.2 Climatic Conditions
20.2.3 Glacier Characteristics
20.2.4 Glacier Observations
20.2.5 Satellite Data
20.3 Austria
20.3.1 Regional Context
20.3.2 Austrian Glacier Inventories
20.3.3 Satellite-based Study of Glaciers in the
Stubaier Alpen
20.3.4 Conclusion
20.4 France
20.4.1 Introduction
20.4.2 Examples of Remote Sensing-based Studies in
the French Alps
20.5 Italy
20.5.1 Introduction
20.5.2 Glacier Retreat: Sabbione, Pustertal and
Dolomites Glaciers
20.5.3 The Belvedere and Miage Debris Covered
Glaciers
20.5.4 Albedo and Energy-Balance of the
Adamello-Mandrone Glacier
20.6 Switzerland
20.6.1 Methods for Glacier Inventory Creation
20.6.2 Results
20.6.3 Conclusions
20.7 Synthesis
and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
21 Satellite Inventory of Glaciers in Turkey (Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Ahmet Emre Tekeli)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Regional
Context
21.2.1 Topography
21.2.2 Climate
21.3 Methods
21.4 Occurrences
of Glaciers
21.4.1 Glaciers in the Southeastern Taurus Mountains
21.4.1.1 Buzul Mountains
21.4.1.2 İkiyaka
Mountains
21.4.2 Glaciers in the Coastal Ranges of the Eastern
Black Sea
21.4.3 Glaciers on Individual Mountains
21.4.3.1 Mount Ağrı (Ararat)
21.4.3.2 Mount Erciyes
21.4.3.3 Mount Süphan
21.4.3.4 Mercan Mountains
21.5 Occurrences of Rock Glaciers
21.5.1 Kavuşşahap Mountains
21.5.2 Soğanlı Mountains
21.5.3 Rize Mountains
21.5.4 Karaçal Mountains
21.5.5 Mount Erciyes
21.5.6 Mercan Mountains
21.5.7 Esence Mountains
21.6 Summary and Conclusions
21.7 Appendices
21.7.1 Specification of
Turkish glaciers and rock glaciers
Acknowledgements
References
22 Recent Glacier Changes in
the Mongolian Altai Mountains: Case Studies from Munkh Khairkhan and Tavan Bogd
(Brandon S. Krumveide, Ulrich Kamp, Gregory J. Leonard,
Avirmed Dashtseren, Michael Walther)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Regional Background
22.2.1 Quaternary History of Glaciers in the
Mongolian Altai
22.2.2 Recent History of Glaciers in the Mongolian
Altai
22.3 Regional Context and Study
Areas
22.3.1 Geography and Climate
22.3.2 Munkh Khaikhan Range
22.3.3 Tavan Bogd Range
22.4 Data and Methods
22.4.1 Topographic Maps
22.4.2 Satellite Imagery
22.4.3 GPS Data
22.4.4 Pan-sharpening
22.4.5 Glacier Mapping
22.4.6 Error Analysis (Area Accuracy and Precision of Change)
22.4.7 Digital Elevation Models
22.4.8 DEM-Derived Datasets
22.4.9 Geomorphometric Analysis
22.5 Results
22.5.1 Glacier Changes in the Munkh Khairkhan Range
22.5.2 Glacier Changes in the Tavan Bogd Range
22.6 Discussion
22.6.1 Munkh Khairkhan Range
22.6.2 Tavan Bogd Range
22.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
23 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Michael P. Bishop, John
F. Shroder Jr., Ghazanfar Ali, Andrew B. G. Bush, Umesh K. Haritashya, Rakshan Roohi,
Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Brandon J. Weihs)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Regional Context
23.2.1 Geology
23.2.2 Topography
23.2.3 Climate
23.2.4 Glaciers
23.2.4.1 Afghanistan
23.2.4.2 Pakistan
23.3 Methodology
23.4 Case Studies
23.4.1 Afghanistan
23.4.1.1 Mir Samir
23.4.1.2 Daste Wer
23.4.1.3 Balacomar
23.4.1.4 Bandaka
23.4.1.5 Badakshan
23.4.1.6 Wakhan Pamir
23.4.2 Pakistan
23.4.2.1 Hindu Raj
23.4.2.2 Central Karakoram
23.4.2.3 Nanga Parbat Himalaya
23.5 Regional Synthesis
23.5.1 Afghanistan
23.5.2 Pakistan
Acknowledgements
References
24 Himalayan Glaciers (India, Bhutan, Nepal) (A. Racoviteanu, Y. Arnaud, I.M. Baghuna, S. Bajracharya, E. Berthier, R.
Bhambri, T. Bolch, M. Byrne, R.K
Chaujar, A. Kääb, U. Kamp, J. Kargel, A. V. Kulkarni, G. Leonard, P. Mool, R.
Frauenfelder, I. Sossna)
24.1 Overview
24.2 Regional Context
24.2.1 Geographic, Geologic and Topographic Setting
24.2.2 Climate Dynamics and Glacier Regimes
24.2.3 Previous Glacier Mapping and Observations
24.3 Case Studies and Specific
Topics
24.3.1 Sikkim Himalaya: Glacier Area Changes, 1960 –
2000
24.3.1.1 Introduction
24.3.1.2 Methods
24.3.1.3 Results: Glacier Area Changes
24.3.1.4 Summary of Findings
24.3.2 Khumbu and Garhwal Himalaya: Glacier Area and
Thickness Changes, 1960’s –
2000’s
24.3.2.1 Introduction
24.3.2.2 Methods
24.3.2.3 Results
24.3.2.4 Summary of Findings
24.3.3 Everest Region, Nepal: Geomorphologic and
Surface Reflectance Changes, 2001 –
2005
24.3.3.1 Introduction
24.3.3.2 Methods
24.3.3.3 Results
24.3.3.4 Summary of Findings
24.3.4 Brahmaputra River basin: Glacier Area, Volume
and Velocity Changes, 1970s ~ 2000
24.3.4.1 Introduction
24.3.4.2 Methods
24.3.4.3 Results: Glacier Area Changes
24.3.4.4 Results: Glacier Volume Changes
24.3.4.5 Results: Glacier Velocities
24.3.4.6 Summary of Findings
24.3.5 Ladakh, North-western Indian Himalaya:
Glacier Length/Area Changes, 1975 – 2008
24.3.5.1 Introduction
24.3.5.2 Methods
24.3.5.3 Results
24.3.5.4 Summary of Findings
24.3.6 Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Western
Indian Himalaya: Glacier Area , 1962 – 2004
24.3.6.1 Introduction and Methods
24.3.6.2 Results
24.3.6.3 Summary of Findings
24.3.7 Himachal Pradeshh, Western Himalaya: Geodetic
Mass balance Estimates, 1999 –
2004
24.3.7.1 Introduction
24.3.7.2 Methods
24.3.7.3 Results
24.3.7.4 Summary of Findings
24.4 Summary and Outlook
24.5 Appendices
24.5.1 Image Differencing: Methodology, Limitations,
and Errors
Acknowledgements
References
25 Glaciers in China and Their
Variations (Liu Shiyin, Shangguan Donghui, Xu Junli, Wang Xin,
Yao
Xiaojun,
Jiang Zongli, Guo Wanqin, Lu
Anxin, Zhang Shiqiang, Ye Baisheng, Li Zhen, Wei Junfeng, Wu Lizong)
25.1 Introduction to Glaciers in China
25.2 Regional Context
25.3 Methods for Glacier Change
Monitoring by Remote Sensing
25.4 Glacier Area Extent Changes
25.4.1 Glacier Changes Since the Maximum of the
Little Ice Age
25.4.2 Glacier Changes During the Recent Decades
25.4.2.1 Qilian Shan
25.4.2.2 Tianshan
25.4.2.3 Eastern Pamir Plateau
25.4.2.4 Karakoram
25.4.2.5 Tibetan Plateau
25.4.2.6 Integration
25.5 Changes in Surface Elevations
25.5.1 Keqikar Baxi Glacier
25.5.2 Yanglong River
25.6 Surface Movement Derived by
Satellite Remote Sensing
25.6.1 Justification
25.6.2 Glacier Velocity Derived by D-InSAR and SAR
Feature-Tracking Methods
25.6.3 Glacier Velocity Derived by Optical Images
25.7 Special Topics: Applied
Hydrological Aspects of Chinese Glacier Dynamics
25.7.1 Special Topic 1: Glacier Hazards in the Upper
Yalung Zangbo River Basin, China
25.7.1.1 Pumqu Basin
25.7.1.2 Poiqu Basin
25.7.1.3 Palongzangbu River Basin
25.7.1.4 Niyang River Basin
25.7.1.5 Nianchu River Basin
25.7.2 Special Topic 2: Glacier Water Resources in
Western China Provinces
25.7.2.1 The Influence of Glacier Changes on Water
Resources
25.7.2.2 Volume Changes of Glaciers
25.7.2.3 Potential Influences of Glacier Changes in
the Future
25.8 Summary
and Future Prospects
References
26 Remote Sensing of Rapidly
Diminishing Tropical Glaciers in the Northern Andes (Todd Albert, Andrew Klein, Joni Kincaid, Christian Huggel, Adina Racoviteanu,
Yves Arnaud, Walter Silverio, Jorge Luis Ceballos)
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Regional Context
26.3 Special Topics and Case
Studies
26.3.1 Quelccaya, Peru
26.3.2 Cordillera Vilcanota, Peru
26.3.3 Nevado Coropuna, Peru
26.3.4 Cordillera Blanca, Peru
26.3.5 Columbia
26.3.6 Tres Cruces, Bolivia
26.3.7 Venezuela
26.4 Regional Synthesis
26.5 Discussion
References
27 A New Glacier Inventory for the Southern Patagonia Icefield and
Areal Changes 1986 – 2000 (Gina Casassa, José Luis Rodríguez, Thomas Loriaux)
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Regional
Context
27.2.1 Geographic
Setting
27.2.2 Climate
27.2.3 Glacier
Characteristics and Changes
27.3 Data
and Methods
27.3.1 Satellite
Imagery
27.3.2 Glacier
Delineation
27.3.3 Ice
Divides
27.3.4 Equilibrium
Line Altitudes (ELAs)
27.3.5 Glacier
Area Errors
27.4 Results
27.4.1 Glacier
Inventory
27.4.2 Glacier
Variations 1986-2000
27.5 Discussion
27.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
28 First Glacier Inventory and Recent Glacier Variations of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and
Islands in Southern Chile (Francisca Bown, Andrés
Rivera, Pablo Zenteno, Claudio Bravo and Fiona Cawkwell)
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Regional Context
28.3 Methods
28.3.1 Satellite Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing
28.3.2 Glacier Extent Classification and Ice Divide
Digitization
28.3.3 Frontal Variations
28.3.4 Errors
28.4 Results
28.4.1 Glacier Inventory
28.4.2 Frontal Variations
28.5 Discussion
28.5.1 Some Possible Explanations
28.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
29 New Zealand’s Glaciers (Trevor
J. Chinn, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Umesh K. Haritashya, and Mark
Pleasants)
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Regional
Context
29.2.1 Geologic
Setting
29.2.2 Climatic
Context and Glacier Overview
29.3 New
Zealand’s Historical Glacier Dynamics
29.3.1 Early
Historical Observations
29.3.2 The
Franz Josef Glacier’s Long Historical Record
29.3.3 Proxy
Mass Balance from Snowlines Programme and Aerial Photography
29.3.4 Glacier
Responses Since the End of the LIA
29.4 Remote
Sensing Case Studies
29.4.1 ASTER
Observations of Mount Ruapehu, North Island
29.4.2 ASTER
Observations of Small Glaciers of the Southern Alps
29.4.2.1 Glaciers in the Mt Tutoko Area (the
Fjordland’s Darrans Range)
29.4.2.2 Brewster Glacier
29.4.3 ASTER
Observations of Mount Cook Glaciers
29.4.3.1 Overview
29.4.3.2 ASTER Time Series of Mt Cook Glacier Changes
29.4.3.3 Flow Vector Mapping of Tasman Glacier
29.4.3.4 Measured Lake Growth and Future Lake Growth
Scenarios
29.4.3.4 Energy Constraints and Discussion of Tasman
Lake’s Growth Rate
29.5 Special
Topics
29.5.1 Debris
Production and Debris Cover of New Zealand Glaciers
29.5.2 New
Zealand’s Glacier and Climate Coupling
29.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
30 Monitoring Glacier Changes
on the Antarctic Peninsula (Jorge Arigony-Neto, Pedro
Skvarca, Sebastián Marinsek, Mattias
Braun, Angelika Humbert, Cláudio Wilson Mendes Júnior, Ricardo Jaña)
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Regional Context
30.2.1 Geologic Context
30.2.2 Climate Context
30.2.3 Summary of Known Glacier Dynamics
30.3 Methodology
30.3.1 Evaluation of ASTER-Derived DEMs in the
Antarctic Peninsula
30.3.1.1 DEM Generation
30.3.1.2 DEM Registration
30.3.1.3 Stacking and Filtering
30.4 Case Studies and Special
Topics
30.4.1 Monitoring of Glacier Changes on the
Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula
30.4.2 Vega and James Ross Islands Glaciers
30.4.2.1 Vega Island (VI)
30.4.2.2 James Ross Island (JRI)
30.4.3 Former Tributaries of Prince Gustav Channel
(PGC) Ice Shelf
30.4.3.1 Boydell and Sjögren (B-S) Glaciers
30.4.4 Former Tributaries of Larsen A Ice Shelf
30.4.4.1 Dinsmoor-Bombardier-Edgeworth (D-B-E)
Glaciers
30.4.4.2 Drygalski Glacier
30.4.5 Former Tributaries of Larsen B Ice Shelf
30.4.5.1 Hektoria-Green-Evans (H-G-E)
30.4.5.2 Jorum-Crane-Maple-Melville (J-C-M-M)
30.4.6 Monitoring Changes and Break-up Events of the
Wilkins Ice Shelf
30.4.6.1 Areal Changes and Break-Ups between 1986 and
2009
30.4.6.2 A Three-Step Process Chain for Break-Up
Events
30.4.7 Variation of the Radar Glacier Zone
Boundaries on the Northeaastern Antarctic
Peninsula
30.5 Regional Synthesis
30.6 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
31 Mapping Blue
Ice Areas and Crevasses in West Antarctica Using ASTER Images, GPS and Radar
Measurements (Andrés
Rivera, Fiona Cawkwell, Anja Wendt, Rodrigo Zamora)
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Blue Ice Areas
31.2.1 Mapping BIA Extent in the Field and on
Imagery
31.2.2 Inter-Annual Fluctuations in the Extent of
the Patriot Hills BIA
31.2.3 Inter-Annual Fluctuations in the Extent of
Other BIAs
31.3 Crevasse Detection on
Satellite Imagery
31.4 Radio Echo Sounding and
Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements
31.5 Discussion
31.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
32 Remote Sensing
of Glaciers of the Subantarctic Islands (J. Graham Cogley, Etienne
Berthier, S. Donoghue)
32.1 Introduction
32.2 The Regional Context
32.3 Case Studies
32.3.1 Heard Island
32.3.2 Kerguelen
32.3.3 Montagu Island
32.4 Cartographic Inventory of the
Subantarctic
32.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part III Summary
33 Summary and the Global Context of Key Findings (Jeffrey S. Kargel, Andrew G. Bush, J. Graham Cogley, Gregory J. Leonard,
Bruce H. Raup, Claudio Smiraglia, Massimo Pecci, and Roberto Ranzi)
33.1 Overview
33.2 Summary: The Foundations of Glacier Remote Sensing Science
(Chapters 2-7)
33.3 Super-regional Narratives of Glacier Dynamics
33.3.1.
Glacier Changes in the Arctic Super-region (Greenland and the Canadian High
Arctic)
33.3.2.
Glacier Changes in the North Atlantic Super-region (Iceland, Norway and
Svalbard)
33.3.3.
Glaciers in the North American Cordilleran Super-region (U.S. and Western
Canada)
33.3.4.
Glacier Changes in the Mediterranean Super-region
33.3.5.
Glacier Changes in the South and Central Asia Super-region
33.3.6. Glacier
Changes in the Northern Andes
33.3.7.
Glacier Changes in the Southern Ocean Super-region
33.3.8.
Seasonal Thaw in a Blue-ice Area of the Antarctic Interior
33.4. Summary Discussion:
Causes of Glacier Fluctuations
33.4.1.
Global Warming: First-order Cause of the Modern-day Retreat and Thinning of Glaciers
33.4.2. What Drives
Variability in Glacier Responses to the Changing Global Environment?
33.4.3.
Glacier Change is Heterogeneous and Multivariate
33.4.4.
Variable Response Times as a Further Cause of Heterogeneous Glacier Responses
33.4.5. Other
Causes of Glacier Variability of Response Dynamics
33.4.6. The Things
We Don’t Know (but Will Affect Glaciers and Us)
33.4.6.1. Extreme Weather
33.4.6.2. Reduction of Sea Ice
33.4.6.3. Shifting Thermohaline Circulation
33.4.6.4. Release of Methane from Seafloor and Lowland
Permafrost Methane Clathrate
33.4.6.5. Do Glaciers Show Evidence of Major Regime
Shifts?
33.5. The Public’s Two Big
Questions
33.6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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