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<body class='hmmessage'><div dir='ltr'><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;">Dear GLIMS book authors:</font><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;">Please check the attachments, and:</font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;"><br></font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;">1. Verify that the contents of your chapter are correct as listed (all sections, subsections, sub-subsections are listed correctly). There have been minor corrections since that last version was sent.</font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;"><br></font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;">2. Verify that the author list is correct (and if you wish an expanded name, rather than initials, let us know). </font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;"><br></font></div><div><font size="3" style="font-size:12pt;">3. Verify that the flags are accurate and are modern versions. Note that the flags are of the nations hosting the authors' institutions; if you wish your country of citizenship to be represented instead or in addition, let us know. (We will include the flags as a pictorial acknowledgement only if it is </font>apparent that there are no strong objections from authors to include the flags, and that there are no incendiary statements implied by the depicted flags, i.e., these should be flags of U.N.-recognized states and the current, official flags recognized by each of the states. If anybody perceives a big problem, let me know, and we will delete plans for this pictorial acknowledgment. We will not imply that the book is an official product of the depicted nations, only that the book was written by a many-nation group of scientists.</div><div><br></div><div>4. If you wish for us to make an equivalent montage to depict funding agencies, please send the logo of that agency. We will not imply that this book was produced by those agencies, only that they provided support for some of the work contained in the book. If we get five or more agencies including NASA and ESA, we will include their logos (again, without implying any official link or approval, just that they funded some related research).</div><div><br></div><div>Sincerely,</div><div><br></div><div>Jeff Kargel</div><div><br></div><div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
115%">Global Land Ice Measurements from Space<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%">Publisher: Springer-Praxis Books, Subseries: Geophysical Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%">ISBN: </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#535353;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">978-3-540-79817-0</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%">Editors: Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Michael P. Bishop,
Andreas Kääb, and Bruce H. Raup<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt">CONTENTS <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Dedication<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Preface
(Hugh H. Kieffer)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Prologue
(Jeffrey S. Kargel)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">Part I Glacier
Monitoring and Fundamentals of Glacier Remote Sensing <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"> (or Glacier
Monitoring and Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB">1<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB">Introduction: Global
Glacier Monitoring – a Long-Term Task Integrating In-Situ Observations and <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -81.0pt -.25in 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 67.5pt 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Remote Sensing </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Michael Zemp, Richard
Armstrong, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Wilfried Haeberli, Martin Hoelzle, Andreas Kääb,
Jeffrey S. Kargel, Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa, Gregory J. Leonard, Frank Paul,
Bruce H. Raup)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">1.1 Why this Book?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.2 Perennial
Surface-Ice on Land<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.2.1 Definitions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.2.2 Global Coverage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.3 Glaciers
and Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.3.1 Formation of Glaciers and their Dynamical
Controls<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.3.2 Glacier Reactions to Climate Change, and Response
Times<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.3.3 Reporting Glacier Change Rates <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.4 International
Glacier Monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.4.1 History
of the International Glacier Monitoring in the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup>
Century<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.4.2 The Global Terrestrial Network for
Glaciers (GTN-G)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.4.3 Available
Data Sets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.4.4 Challenges of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.5 Glacier Observations from Space<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.5.1 Satellite Observations in GTN-G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.5.2 Possible Applications<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.5.3 Challenges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.6 Integrative Glacier Change Assessments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.7 Synopsis and Organization of the Book<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 1.8 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt 283.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-103.5pt -99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">2</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><b>Theoretical Foundations of
Remote Sensing for Glacier Assessment and Mapping </b><i>(Michael P. Bishop, Andrew
B.G. Bush, Roberto Furfaro, Alan R. Gillespie, Dorothy K. Hall, Umesh K. Haritashya,
and John F. Shroder Jr.)</i><i><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2 Radiation-Transfer Cascade<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.1 Solar Irradiance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.2 Surface Irradiance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.2.1 Direct Solar Spectral Irradiance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.2.2 Diffuse-Skylight Spectral Irradiance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.2.3 Adjacent-Terrain Spectral Irradiance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.3 Surface Reflectance<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.3.1 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution
Function and Albedo<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.2.4 Surface Emission<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.3 Surface-Energy Interactions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.3.1 Snow<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.3.2 Glaciers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.3.3 Water<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.4 Complications<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5 Space-Based Information Extraction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.1 Snow Cover<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.2 Ice Sheets<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.3 Alpine Glacier Mapping<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.4 Debris-Covered Glaciers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.5 Snow Line and ELA<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.5.6 Ice-Flow Velocities <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6 Numerical Modeling<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.1 Climate Modeling<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.2 Energy-Balance Modeling<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.2.1 Net Radiation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.2.2 Turbulent Heat Fluxes<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.2.3 Ground Heat<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.6.3 Glacier Mass-Balance Modeling<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.7 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.8 Appendices<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 2.8.1 Notation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> References<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -27.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><b>3</b> <b><span lang="EN-GB">Radiative Transfer Modeling in the
Cryosphere </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(R. Furfaro, A. Preveti, P. Picca, J.
S. Kargel, and M. P. Bishop)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 3.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.2 Radiative Transfer Modeling of Glacier Surfaces and
Lakes<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.2.1 RT Modeling Approach for Glacier
Surfaces<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.2.2 Radiative Transfer Equation in Layered
Mixtures of Snow, Ice, and Debris<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.2.3 Radiative-Transfer Equation in Glacier
Lake Waters<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.3 Optical properties of snow, ice, debris, mixtures,
and glacier lake water<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.3.1 Snow<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 3.3.2 Glacier ice<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.3.3
Rock Debris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.3.4
Mixtures<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.3.5
Glacier Lake Water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.4 Numerical
Solution of the RTE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.5 Glacier
Radiative-Transfer Simulation Examples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 3.6 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -31.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -22.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">4</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> <b>Glacier Mapping and Monitoring Using Multi-Spectral Data </b><i>(Andreas
Kääb, Tobias Bolch, Kimberly Casey, Torborg Heid, Jeffrey Kargel, Gregory Leonard,
Frank Paul, Bruce Raup)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.2 Image Preprocessing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.2.1 Radiometric Calibration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.2.2 Geometric Preprocessing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3 Multi-Spectral Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1 Spectral Reflectance of Glacier Surfaces<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1.1 Snow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1.2 Ice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1.3 Rock<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1.4 Water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.1.5 Vegetation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2 Image Classification Approaches<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.1 Hard and Soft Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.2 Manual, Supervised and Unsupervised Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.3 Parametric and Non-Parametric
Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.4 Spatial and Spectral Segmentation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.5 Sub-Pixel Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.2.6 Combinations and Others<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3 Image Processing Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.1 Manual Delineation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.2 False-Color Composites<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.3 Calculation of Reflectance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.4 Spectral Transforms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.5 Image Algebra and Segmentation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.6 Unsupervised Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.7 Supervised Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.8 Artificial Neural Networks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.3.9 Combinations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.3.4 Post-Processing and GIS Workflow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.4 Mapping Debris-Covered Ice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.5 Thermal Imaging<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.6 Microwave/SAR Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.7 Spectral Change Detection and Temporal Data
Merging<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.7.1 Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.7.2 Image
Change Evaluation by Subtraction of Multispectral Anniversary Pairs <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> (ICESMAP)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.7.2.1 Generalized ICESMAP Processing Steps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8 Ice Flow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8.1 Image Choice and Preprocessing for Image
Matching<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8.2 Image
Matching Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8.3 Post-processing and Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8.4 Accuracy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.8.5 SAR
Offset Tracking and Interferometry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 4.9 Challenges, Conclusions and Perspectives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -40.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">5</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Digital
Terrain Modeling and Glacier Topographic Characterization</span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB"> (Duncan J. Quincey, Michael P. Bishop, Andreas
</span><span lang="EN-GB">Kääb</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">, Etienne Berthier, Boris Flach, Tobias Bolch,
Manfred Buchroithner, Ulrich Kamp, Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa, Thierry Toutin, Umesh
K. Haritashya, Adina Racoviteanu, John F. Shroder Jr., Bruce H. Raup)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.2 Background<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3 Digital Elevation Model Generation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.1 Source Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.2 Aerial and Satellite Image Stereoscopy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.3 Ground Control Points<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.4 Software Packages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.5 Post Processing (interpolation and
smoothing)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.3.6 Data Fusion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.4 DEM Error and Uncertainty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.4.1 Representation of DEM Error and
Uncertainty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.4.2 Type and Origin of Errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5 Geomorphometry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5.1 Geomorphometric Land Surface Parameters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5.2 Scale-Dependent Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5.3 Topographic Radiation Modeling<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5.4 Altitude Functions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.5.5 Glacier Elevation Changes and Mass-Balance
Calculations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.6 Glacier Mapping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.6.1 Pattern Recognition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.6.2 Artificial Intelligence Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.6.3 Object-Oriented Mapping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.7 Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 5.8 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -9.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:#21DD00"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt"><a name="_Toc336866651"></a><a name="_Toc336866265"><b><span lang="EN-GB">6 </span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-GB">ASTER datasets and derived products for global glacier
monitoring </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Bhaskar
Ramachandran, John Dwyer, Bruce H. Raup, Jeffrey S. Kargel)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.2. ASTER Data Access and Use Policy
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3. ASTER data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.1. Performance of
ASTER VNIR, SWIR, and TIR<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">6.3.1.1. Доверяй, но проверяй (doveryai, no proveryai;
“Trust, but verify”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.1.2.
Performance Overview</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.2.3.
Radiometric Calibration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.2.4.
Geometric Corrections<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.2.5.
Earth Rotation Angle Error<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.1.6.
Nutation-related Longitudinal Error<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.2.7.
Earth Ellipsoid-related Terrain Error<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 130.5pt 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.3.2.8.
Loss of SWIR<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4. ASTER Data Processing Stream<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.1. Standard Level-1A
and Level-1B<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.2.
ASTER Standard Higher-Level Products<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.2.1.
Reflectance Suite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.2.2.
Temperature/Emissivity Suite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.2.3.
Detection Versus Full Resolution of Features in VNIR, SWIR, and TIR<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.4.2.4.
Elevation Products<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 6.5. ASTER Data for GLIMS: STARs,
DARs, Gain Settings, and Image Seasons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-outline-level:1;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">7</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><b>Quality in the GLIMS Glacier Database </b><i>(B. H.
Raup, S. J. S. Khalsa, R. Armstrong, W. A. Sneed, G. S. Hamilton, F. Paul, F. Cawkwell,
M. J. Beedle, B. Menounos, R. Wheate, H. Rott, S. Liu, X. Li, D. Shangguan, G. Cheng,
J. S. Kargel, C. F. Larsen, B. F. Molnia, J. L. Kincaid, A. Klein, V. Konovalov)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.2 Standard Methods and Tools<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.3 Accuracy and Precision in Glacier Mapping<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.4 The Glacier Analysis Comparison Experiments (GLACE)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.4.1 GLACE 1 and GLACE 2<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.4.2 GLACE 2A and GLACE 3A (Manual
Digitization)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.5 GLACE Results<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.5.1 GLACE 1 and GLACE 2<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.5.2 GLACE 2A and GLACE 3A<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.5.3 Discussion<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.6 GLIMS Glacier Database and the Data Ingest Process<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.6.1 Ingest Quality Control Steps<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.6.2 Representation of Measurement Error<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.6.3 Derived Parameters in the Database<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> 7.7 Conclusion<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 1.5in 135.0pt"> References<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; ">Part II Regional Chapters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB">8<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB">Mapping of Glaciers in Greenland
</span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Leigh A.
Stearns and Hester Jiskoot)</span></i><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">8.1 Greenland
Glaciology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.1.1 Ice Sheet Mass Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.2 Case Study #1: Central East Greenland Margin
Fluctuations and Climate Sensitivity from <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> a
GLIMS Glacier Inventory and ASTER DEM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.2.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.2.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.2.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.3 Case Study #2: A Comparison of High-Rate GPS
and ASTER-Derived Measurements on <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Helheim
Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.3.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.3.2 Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.3.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 8.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">9 Remote Sensing of Recent Glacier Changes in the Canadian Arctic </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Martin Sharp, David O. Burgess,
Fiona Cawkwell, Luke Copland, James A. Davis, E. K. Dowdeswell, J. A.
Dowdesewell, Alex S. Gardner, Douglas Mair, Libo Wang, Scott N. Williamson, Gabriel
J. Wolken, Faye Wyatt)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.2.1 Geology and Physiography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.2.2 Climate and Recent Climate Trends in the
Canadian Arctic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.2.3 Glacier Characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.3 Special Topics: Regional Glacier Mass
Balance and Proxy Indicators<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.3.1 Surface Mass Balance and Mass Balance
Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.3.2 Summer Melt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.3.3 Ice Flow and Iceberg Calving Fluxes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.4 Case Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.4.1 Surge-Type Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.4.2 Northern Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.5 Regional Synthesis: Recent Changes in
Equilibrium Line Altitude and Glacier Extent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.5.1 Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.5.2 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.6 Key Issue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.6.1 Changes in Glacier Surface Elevation,
Volume and Mass; Sea Level Contributions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 9.7
Summary and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt 63.0pt 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">10 A Digital Glacier Database for Svalbard </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Max König, Christopher Nuth,
Jack Kohler, Geir Moholdt, Rickard Pettersen)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.3 Database Structure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.4 Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.4.1 The Original Topographic Map of Svalbard
(S100) – 1936 / 1966 / 1971<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.4.2 The 1990 Photogrammetric Survey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.4.3 The Satellite Dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.5 Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.5.1 Creation of Glacier Outlines from
Cartographic Data for the 1936/66/71 Dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.5.2 Creation of Outlines from Cartographic Data for
the 1990 Dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.5.3 Creation of Outlines from Satellite Data for
the 2001-2010 Dataset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.5.4 Glacier and Snow Patches Smaller than 1 km<sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.6 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 10.7 Conclusions and Future
Perspectives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">11 Glaciers of Kenai Fjords National Park and Katmai National Park and
Preserve, Alaska </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Bruce A. Giffen, Dorothy K. Hall, Janet Y. L. Chien)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.2.1 Geographic, Topographic, and Environmental
Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.2.2 Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.2.3 Glacier Characteristics – Kenai Fjords National Park<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.2.4 Glacier Characteristics – Katmai National Park
and Preserve<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.3 Procedures for Analysis of
Glacier Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.3.1 Imagery Classification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.3.2 Complicating Issues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.3.3 Manual Editing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.4 Satellite Imagery
Interpretation Accuracy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.5 Areal Extent – Glacier Ice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.5.1 Kenai Fjords National Park<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.5.2 Katmai National Park and Preserve<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.6 Terminus Position
Measurements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.6.1 Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.6.2 Kenai Fjords National Park<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.6.3 Katmai National Park and Preserve<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 11.7 Discussion and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">12 Glacier Dammed Lakes, Alaska </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(David F. G. Wolfe, Jeffrey S. Kargel,
Gregory J. Leonard)</span></i><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.2
Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.2.1.
Geographic Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.2.2.
Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.2.3.
Previous Research<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.
Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.1.
Horizontal attributes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.2.
Mean Glacier Altitude (MGA)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.3.
Glacier-Stream Order (complexity)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.4.
Glacier Surface Gradient<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.5.
Damming Glacier Origin and Terminus Types, and Minimum-Maximum Altitudes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.3.6.
Aspect of the Icedam and of the Damming Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.
Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.1.
Changes Over Time: Lake-Damming Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.1.1.
Damming Glacier Origin Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.1.2.
Damming Glacier Termini Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.1.3.
Damming Glacier Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.1.4.
Damming Glacier Gradient<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.
Changes Over Time: Glacier Dammed Lake Population<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.1.
Lake Location Along the Damming Glacier Margins: Absolute and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Proportional Shifts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:justify;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.2. Lake Hypsography:
Above Sealevel and Below Mean Glacier Altitude (MGA) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.3.
Aspect of Ice Dam Populations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.4.
Ice Dam and Lake Type Changes Through Time<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.4.2.5.
Changes in Big Lakes and Some Notable Anecdotes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5
Case study: Iceberg Lake<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5.1.
Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5.2.
Satellite Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5.3.
Field Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5.4.
Satellite-era Hydrology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.5.5.
Possible Causes of Iceberg Lake’s Dynamical Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.6.
Discussion and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.7
Appendices<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.7.1.
Study Area Lakes and Locations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.7.2.
Study Area Lake Attributes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 12.7.3.
Study Area Glacier Properties<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:red"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">13 </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">Multispectral
Image Analysis of Glaciers in the Chugach Mountains, Alaska</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Jeffrey S. Kargel, Matthew J.
Beedle, Andrew B.G. Bush, Francisco Carreño, Elena Castellanos, Umesh K.
Haritashya, Gregory J. Leonard, Javier Lillo, Ivan Lopez, Mark Pleasants,
Edward Pollack, and David Wolfe)</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.2.
Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.2.1.
Geological Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.2.2.
Climatic Context: Descriptive Overview and Down-Scaled Model<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.2.3.
Regional Significance of Glaciers in the Chugach/St. Elias Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.
Case Studies: Glacier Inventorying and Assessment of Glacier Dynamics <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.1.
A preliminary Inventory of the Bering-Malaspina Glacier Complex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.1.1.
Towards a Comprehensive Inventory in a Region of Superlatives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.1.2.
Data, Methods, and Errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.1.3.
Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.1.4.
Implications/Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.2. Glaciers of College Fiord:
Harvard and Yale Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.2.1.
College Fiord Overview and Data Availability<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.2.2.
Retreating Yale Glacier and Advancing Harvard Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.2.3.
DEM Generation and Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.3.
Scott Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.4.
Glaciers of the Copper River Corridor: Childs, Miles, and Allen Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.4.1.
</span><span lang="EN-GB">Calving Glaciers
and Near Damming of the Copper River.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="Cuerpo" style="margin-left:1.25in;tab-stops:40.5pt 70.85pt 106.3pt 141.75pt 177.15pt 212.6pt 248.05pt 283.45pt 318.9pt 354.35pt 389.75pt 425.2pt 460.65pt"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; ">13.3.4.2.
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Miles
Glacier and Glacial Aneurysms, Not Surging, as a Cause of Crenulated Medial Moraines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:1.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:1.25in"><span lang="EN-GB">13.3.4.3. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Childs
Glacier: Exemplifying How Difficult it is for a Glacier to Dam a Perennial River<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.3.4.4.
</span><span lang="EN-GB">Allen
Glacier: A Century of Decay of a Mighty Piedmont Placier</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 13.4.
Conclusions <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">14 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
in the Canadian Cordillera, Western Canada </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Roger
D. Wheate, Etienne Berthier, Tobias Bolch, Brian P. Menounos, Joseph M. Shea, John
J. Clague, Erik Schiefer)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.2.1 Topographic Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.2.2 Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.2.3 Glacier Distribution and Characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.3 Special
Topics and Case Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.3.1 Glacier Hazards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.3.1.1 Outburst Flood from Queen Bess Lake, </span>1997
(51.3°N, 124.5°W)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.2.1.2 </span>Outburst Floods from Summit Lake (56.2°N, 130.0°W)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 14.3.1.3 Tulsequah Glacier and its Lakes (58.8°N, 133.8°W)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 14.3.1.4 Capricorn Creek Landslide, 2010 (50.6°N, 123.5°W)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 14.3.2 Glacier Changes<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.3.2.1 Bridge </span>Glacier, Southern Coast Mountains, British
Columbia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.3.2.2 </span>Dusty and Lowell Glaciers, Yukon<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.4 Regional Glacier Inventories
and Synthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.4.1 British Columbia and Alberta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.4.2 Yukon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 14.5 Concluding Remarks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 135.0pt 266.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 135.0pt 266.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">15 ASTER and DEM Change
Assessment of Glaciers Near Hoodoo Mountain, British Columbia, Canada </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Roger Wheate, Benjamin Edwards)</span></i><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.2 Geologic and Climatic Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3 Special
Topics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.1 ASTER Image Differencing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.1.1 2002/2003 Image Pair: A Record of Annual
Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.1.2 2003/2010 Image Pair<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:1.25in;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-81.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.2 Topographic Differencing of Hoodoo Mountain
and Vicinity: Analysis of 4-Time Series of DEMs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.3 Mass Balance of Glaciers in the Hoodoo
Mountain Study Region<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:1.25in;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-81.0pt;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.4 Ground and Air Photo Assessment of Glacier
Changes on Hoodoo Mountain and Vicinity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.4.1 Twin Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.4.2 Hoodoo Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.4.3 Hoodoo Mountain Ice Cap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.5 Glacier and Climate Changes in the Vicinity
of Hoodoo Mountain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.5.1 Climate Records<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.5.2 Inferences for Glacier Response Times<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:135.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-1.75in;tab-stops:-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.3.5.3 Figure of Merit for Climate Change and Energy
Requirements to Drive Glacier Thinning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 15.4 Synthesis
and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">16 Glaciers of the Ragged
Range, Nahanni National Park Reserve, Northwest Territories, Canada </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Michael N. Demuth, Philip </span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Courier;color:#1F1F1F;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Wilson, Dana Haggarty</span><span lang="EN-GB">)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 16.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 16.2 Geographic,
Social, and Climatic Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 16.3 Glacier
Inventory and Morphometry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 16.4 Regional
Synthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 16.5 Recommendations
for Further Work<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Acknowledgements <span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">17 Glaciers and Perennial
Snowfields of the U.S. Cordillera </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Andrew G. Fountain,
Hassan J. Basagic IV, Charles Cannon, Mark Devisser, Mathew J. Hoffman, Jeffrey
S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Kristina Thorneycroft, Steve Wilson)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.1 Geologic Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.1.1 The Cascade Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.1.2 Olympic Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.1.3 Sierra Nevada<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.1.4 Rocky Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.2.2 Climatic Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.3 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.1 California<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.2 Colorado<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.3 Idaho<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.4 Montana<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.5 Nevada<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.6 Oregon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.7 Washington<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.8 Wyoming<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.4.9 Advancing Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5 Case
Studies Using ASTER<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.1 Grinnell Glacier, Glacier National Park,
Montana<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.2 Glacier Changes on Mount Rainier, Washington,
Assessed with Use of ASTER and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> MASTER
Multispectral and Thermal Imagery<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.2.1 Background<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.2.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.2.3 Historic Changes of Mount Rainier’s Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.5.3 ASTER and Field Studies of Blue Glacier,
Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 17.6 Summary
and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">18 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
and Icecaps in Iceland </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Oddur
Sigurðsson</span><span lang="EN-GB">, Richard S. Williams Jr., Sandro Martinis, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Ulrich
</span></i><i><span lang="IT">Münzer</span><span lang="EN-GB">)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.1.1 History of Mapping Iceland’s Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.1.2 Scientific Analysis of Iceland’s Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.1.3 Air- and Space-borne Imaging and Remote
Sensing Analysis of Iceland’s Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.2.1 Geography and Geology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.2.2 Climate and Climate Variability<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.3 Special
Topics and Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.3.1 Types of Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.3.2 History of Iceland’s Glacier Variations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.3.3 Identifying the Outline, Transient Snowline,
and Firn Line of Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.3.4 </span><span lang="EN-GB">Jökulhlaups</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.4 Three
Case Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.4.1 Transient Tephra Lines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.4.2 Classification </span><span lang="EN-GB">of
Vatnajökull Ice Cap According to Three Different Outlines</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.4.3 </span><span lang="EN-GB">The Impact of the 2004 Jökulhlaup on
Glacier Dynamics of Skeiðarárjökull</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 18.5 Regional
Summary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">19 Norway </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Liss M. Andreassen, Frank Paul, Jon Endre Hausberg)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.2.1 Glacier Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.2.2 Glacier Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.2.3 Previous Glacier Inventories<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.2.4 Digital Glacier Outlines from Topographical
Maps (N50)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.3 Methodology
(Derivation of Glacier Outlines from Landsat)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.3.1 Selection of Landsat Scenes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.3.2 Glacier Mapping Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.4 Case
Studies and Special Topics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.4.1 Glacier Size Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.4.2 Assessing Area Changes in Jotunheimen and
Svartisen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.4.3 Uncertainties<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 19.5 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">20 European Alps </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Frank Paul, Yves Arnaud,
Roberto Ranzi, Helmut Rott)</span></i><b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.1 Introduction/Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2.1 Geographic and Topographic Characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2.2 Climatic Conditions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2.3 Glacier Characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2.4 Glacier Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.2.5 Satellite Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.3 Austria<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.3.1 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.3.2 Austrian Glacier Inventories<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.3.3 Satellite-based Study of Glaciers in the
Stubaier Alpen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.3.4 Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.4 France<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.4.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.4.2 Examples of Remote Sensing-based Studies in
the French Alps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.5 Italy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.5.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.5.2 Glacier Retreat: Sabbione, Pustertal and
Dolomites Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.5.3 The Belvedere and Miage Debris Covered
Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.5.4 Albedo and Energy-Balance of the
Adamello-Mandrone Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.6 Switzerland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.6.1 Methods for Glacier Inventory Creation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.6.2 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.6.3 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 20.7 Synthesis
and Outlook<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">21 Satellite Inventory of Glaciers in Turkey </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Ahmet Emre Tekeli)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.2.1 Topography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.2.2 Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.3 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4 Occurrences
of Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.1 Glaciers in the Southeastern Taurus Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.1.1 Buzul Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.1.2 İkiyaka
Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.2 Glaciers in the Coastal Ranges of the Eastern
Black Sea<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
-99.0pt -94.5pt -81.0pt 22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.3 Glaciers on Individual Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.3.1 Mount Ağrı (Ararat)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">21.4.3.2 Mount Erciyes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.3.3 Mount Süphan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.4.3.4 Mercan Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5 Occurrences of Rock Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.1 Kavuşşahap Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.2 Soğanlı Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.3 Rize Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.4 Karaçal Mountains</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.5 Mount Erciyes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.6 Mercan Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.5.7 Esence Mountains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.6 Summary and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.7 Appendices<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 21.7.1 </span><span lang="EN-GB">Specification of
Turkish glaciers and rock glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">22 Recent Glacier Changes in
the Mongolian Altai Mountains: Case Studies from Munkh Khairkhan and Tavan Bogd
</span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Brandon S. Krumveide, Ulrich Kamp, Gregory J. Leonard,
Avirmed Dashtseren, Michael Walther)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.2 Regional Background<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.2.1 Quaternary History of Glaciers in the
Mongolian Altai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.2.2 Recent History of Glaciers in the Mongolian
Altai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.3 Regional Context and Study
Areas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.3.1 Geography and Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.3.2 Munkh Khaikhan Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.3.3 Tavan Bogd Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4 Data and Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.1 Topographic Maps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.2 Satellite Imagery<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.3 GPS Data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.4 Pan-sharpening<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.5 Glacier Mapping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.6 </span><span lang="EN-GB">Error Analysis (Area Accuracy and Precision of Change)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.7 Digital Elevation Models<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.8 DEM-Derived Datasets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.4.9 Geomorphometric Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.5 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.5.1 Glacier Changes in the Munkh Khairkhan Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.5.2 Glacier Changes in the Tavan Bogd Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.6 Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.6.1 Munkh Khairkhan Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.6.2 Tavan Bogd Range<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 22.7 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">23 Remote Sensing of Glaciers
in Afghanistan and Pakistan </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Michael P. Bishop, John
F. Shroder Jr., Ghazanfar Ali, Andrew B. G. Bush, Umesh K. Haritashya, Rakshan Roohi,
Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Brandon J. Weihs)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.1 Geology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.2 Topography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.3 Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.4 Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.4.1 Afghanistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.2.4.2 Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.3 Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4 Case Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1 Afghanistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.1 Mir Samir<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.2 Daste Wer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.3 Balacomar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.4 Bandaka<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.5 Badakshan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.1.6 Wakhan Pamir<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.2 Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.2.1 Hindu Raj<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.2.2 Central Karakoram<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.4.2.3 Nanga Parbat Himalaya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.5 Regional Synthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.5.1 Afghanistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 23.5.2 Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:9.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;
tab-stops:22.5pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">24 Himalayan Glaciers (India, Bhutan, Nepal) </span></b><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; ">(A. Racoviteanu, Y. Arnaud, I.M. Baghuna, S. Bajracharya, E. Berthier, R.
Bhambri, T. Bolch, M. Byrne, R.K
Chaujar, A. Kääb, U. Kamp, J. Kargel, A. V. Kulkarni, G. Leonard, P. Mool, R.
Frauenfelder, I. Sossna)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.1 Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.2.1 Geographic, Geologic and Topographic Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.2.2 Climate Dynamics and Glacier Regimes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.2.3 Previous Glacier Mapping and Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3 Case Studies and Specific
Topics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.1 Sikkim Himalaya: Glacier Area Changes, 1960 –
2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.1.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.1.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.1.3 Results: Glacier Area Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.1.4 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.2 Khumbu and Garhwal Himalaya: Glacier Area and
Thickness Changes, 1960’s – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 2000’s<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.2.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.2.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.2.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.2.4 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.3 Everest Region, Nepal: Geomorphologic and
Surface Reflectance Changes, 2001 – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 2005<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.3.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.3.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.3.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.3.4 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4 Brahmaputra River basin: Glacier Area, Volume
and Velocity Changes, 1970s ~ 2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.3 Results: Glacier Area Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.4 Results: Glacier Volume Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.5 Results: Glacier Velocities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.4.6 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.5 Ladakh, North-western Indian Himalaya:
Glacier Length/Area Changes, 1975 – 2008<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.5.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.5.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.5.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.5.4 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-81.0pt;tab-stops:
22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 58.5pt 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.6 Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Western
Indian Himalaya: Glacier Area , 1962 – 2004<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.6.1 Introduction and Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.6.2 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.6.3 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.7 Himachal Pradeshh, Western Himalaya: Geodetic
Mass balance Estimates, 1999 – <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 2004<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.7.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.7.2 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.7.3 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.3.7.4 Summary of Findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.4 Summary and Outlook<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.5 Appendices<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 24.5.1 Image Differencing: Methodology, Limitations,
and Errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">25 Glaciers in China and Their
Variations </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Liu</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Shiyin,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Shangguan</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Donghui,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Xu</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Junli,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Wang</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Xin,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Yao</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Xiaojun,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Jiang</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Zongli,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Guo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Wanqin,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Lu</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Anxin,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Zhang</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Shiqiang,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Ye</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Baisheng</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Li</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Zhen,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Wei</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Junfeng</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Wu</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Lizong</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">)</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.1 Introduction to Glaciers in China<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.3 Methods for Glacier Change
Monitoring by Remote Sensing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4 Glacier Area Extent Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.1 Glacier Changes Since the Maximum of the
Little Ice Age<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2 Glacier Changes During the Recent Decades<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.1 Qilian Shan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.2 Tianshan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.3 Eastern Pamir Plateau<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.4 Karakoram<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.5 Tibetan Plateau<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.4.2.6 Integration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.5 Changes in Surface Elevations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.5.1 Keqikar Baxi Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.5.2 Yanglong River<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.6 Surface Movement Derived by
Satellite Remote Sensing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.6.1 Justification<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.6.2 Glacier Velocity Derived by D-InSAR and SAR
Feature-Tracking Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.6.3 Glacier Velocity Derived by Optical Images<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7 Special Topics: Applied
Hydrological Aspects of Chinese Glacier Dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1 Special Topic 1: Glacier Hazards in the Upper
Yalung Zangbo River Basin, China<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1.1 Pumqu Basin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1.2 Poiqu Basin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1.3 Palongzangbu River Basin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1.4 Niyang River Basin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.1.5 Nianchu River Basin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.2 Special Topic 2: Glacier Water Resources in
Western China Provinces<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.2.1 The Influence of Glacier Changes on Water
Resources<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.2.2 Volume Changes of Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.7.2.3 Potential Influences of Glacier Changes in
the Future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 25.8 Summary
and Future Prospects<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">26 Remote Sensing of Rapidly
Diminishing Tropical Glaciers in the Northern Andes </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Todd Albert, Andrew Klein, Joni Kincaid, Christian Huggel, Adina Racoviteanu,
Yves Arnaud, Walter Silverio, Jorge Luis Ceballos)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3 Special Topics and Case
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.1 Quelccaya, Peru<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.2 Cordillera Vilcanota, Peru<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.3 Nevado Coropuna, Peru<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.4 Cordillera Blanca, Peru<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.5 Columbia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.6 Tres Cruces, Bolivia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.3.7 Venezuela<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.4 Regional Synthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 26.5 Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">27 A New Glacier Inventory for the Southern Patagonia Icefield and
Areal Changes 1986 – 2000 </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Gina Casassa, </span></i><i><span lang="ES-CL">José Luis Rodríguez</span><span lang="EN-GB">, Thomas Loriaux)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.2.1 Geographic
Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.2.2 Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.2.3 Glacier
Characteristics and Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3 Data
and Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3.1 Satellite
Imagery<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3.2 Glacier
Delineation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3.3 Ice
Divides<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3.4 Equilibrium
Line Altitudes (ELAs)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.3.5 Glacier
Area Errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.4 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.4.1 Glacier
Inventory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.4.2 Glacier
Variations 1986-2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.5 Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 27.6 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">28 First Glacier Inventory and Recent Glacier Variations</span><span lang="EN-GB"> of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="punkter" style="margin-left:9.0pt;text-indent:0in;tab-stops:35.45pt 49.65pt list 92.15pt"><b><span lang="NO-NYN" style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">Islands in Southern Chile </span></b><i><span lang="NO-NYN" style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">(</span></i><i><span lang="ES" style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:ES">Francisca Bown, Andrés
Rivera, Pablo Zenteno, Claudio Bravo and Fiona Cawkwell)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.3 Methods<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.3.1 Satellite Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.3.2 Glacier Extent Classification and Ice Divide
Digitization<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.3.3 Frontal Variations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.3.4 Errors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.4 Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.4.1 Glacier Inventory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.4.2 Frontal Variations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.5 Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.5.1 Some Possible Explanations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 28.6 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">29 New Zealand’s Glaciers </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Trevor
J. Chinn, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Gregory J. Leonard, Umesh K. Haritashya, and Mark
Pleasants)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.2 Regional
Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.2.1 Geologic
Setting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.2.2 Climatic
Context and Glacier Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.3 New
Zealand’s Historical Glacier Dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.3.1 Early
Historical Observations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.3.2 The
Franz Josef Glacier’s Long Historical Record<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.3.3 Proxy
Mass Balance from Snowlines Programme and Aerial Photography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.3.4 Glacier
Responses Since the End of the LIA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4 Remote
Sensing Case Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.1 ASTER
Observations of Mount Ruapehu, North Island<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.2 ASTER
Observations of Small Glaciers of the Southern Alps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.2.1 Glaciers in the Mt Tutoko Area (the
Fjordland’s Darrans Range)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.2.2 Brewster Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3 ASTER
Observations of Mount Cook Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3.1 Overview<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3.2 ASTER Time Series of Mt Cook Glacier Changes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3.3 </span><span lang="EN-GB">Flow Vector Mapping of Tasman Glacier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3.4 Measured Lake Growth and Future Lake Growth
Scenarios<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.4.3.4 Energy Constraints and Discussion of Tasman
Lake’s Growth Rate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.5 Special
Topics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.5.1 Debris
Production and Debris Cover of New Zealand Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.5.2 New
Zealand’s Glacier and Climate Coupling<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 29.6 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledgements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB">30 Monitoring Glacier Changes
on the Antarctic Peninsula </span></b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Jorge Arigony-Neto, Pedro
Skvarca, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Sebastián</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Marinsek, Mattias
Braun, Angelika Humbert, </span></i><i>Cláudio Wilson <span lang="EN-GB">Mendes Júnior, Ricardo Jaña)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.2 Regional Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.2.1 Geologic Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.2.2 Climate Context<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.2.3 Summary of Known Glacier Dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.3 Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.3.1 Evaluation of ASTER-Derived DEMs in the
Antarctic Peninsula<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.3.1.1 DEM Generation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.3.1.2 DEM Registration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.3.1.3 Stacking and Filtering<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4 Case Studies and Special
Topics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.1 Monitoring of Glacier Changes on the
Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.2 Vega and James Ross Islands Glaciers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.2.1 Vega Island (VI)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.2.2 James Ross Island (JRI)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.3 Former Tributaries of Prince Gustav Channel
(PGC) Ice Shelf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"> 30.4.3.1 Boydell and </span>Sjögren (B-S) Glaciers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.4 Former Tributaries of Larsen A Ice Shelf<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.4.1 Dinsmoor-Bombardier-Edgeworth (D-B-E)
Glaciers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.4.2 Drygalski Glacier <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.5 Former Tributaries of Larsen B Ice Shelf<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.5.1 Hektoria-Green-Evans (H-G-E)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.5.2 Jorum-Crane-Maple-Melville (J-C-M-M)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.6 Monitoring Changes and Break-up Events of the
Wilkins Ice Shelf<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.6.1 Areal Changes and Break-Ups between 1986 and
2009<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.6.2 A Three-Step Process Chain for Break-Up
Events<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.4.7 Variation of the Radar Glacier Zone
Boundaries on the Northeaastern Antarctic <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> Peninsula<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.5 Regional Synthesis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 30.6 Summary and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> <span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledgements</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> References<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b>31 Mapping Blue
Ice Areas and Crevasses in West Antarctica Using ASTER Images, GPS and Radar <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt"><b>Measurements </b><i>(</i><i><span lang="PT-BR">Andrés
Rivera, Fiona Cawkwell, Anja Wendt, Rodrigo Zamora)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.2 Blue Ice Areas<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.2.1 Mapping BIA Extent in the Field and on
Imagery<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.2.2 Inter-Annual Fluctuations in the Extent of
the Patriot Hills BIA<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.2.3 Inter-Annual Fluctuations in the Extent of
Other BIAs<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.3 Crevasse Detection on
Satellite Imagery<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.4 Radio Echo Sounding and
Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.5 Discussion<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 31.6 Conclusions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> <span lang="EN-GB">Acknowledgements</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> References<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b>32 Remote Sensing
of Glaciers of the Subantarctic Islands </b><i>(J. Graham Cogley, Etienne
Berthier, S. Donoghue)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b> </b>32.1 Introduction<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.2 The Regional Context<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.3 Case Studies<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.3.1 Heard Island<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.3.2 Kerguelen<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.3.3 Montagu Island<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.4 Cartographic Inventory of the
Subantarctic<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 32.5 Summary and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> References<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">Part III Summary
</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b>33 Summary and the Global Context of Key Findings </b><i><span lang="EN-GB">(Jeffrey S. Kargel, Andrew G. Bush, J. Graham Cogley, Gregory J. Leonard,
Bruce H. Raup, Claudio Smiraglia, Massimo Pecci, and Roberto Ranzi)</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"><b> </b>33.1 Overview<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.2 Summary: The Foundations of Glacier Remote Sensing Science
(Chapters 2-7)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3 Super-regional Narratives of Glacier Dynamics<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.1.
Glacier Changes in the Arctic Super-region (Greenland and the Canadian High
Arctic)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.2.
Glacier Changes in the North Atlantic Super-region (Iceland, Norway and
Svalbard)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.3.
Glaciers in the North American Cordilleran Super-region (U.S. and Western
Canada)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.4.
Glacier Changes in the Mediterranean Super-region<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.5.
Glacier Changes in the South and Central Asia Super-region<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.6. Glacier
Changes in the Northern Andes<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.7.
Glacier Changes in the Southern Ocean Super-region<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.3.8.
Seasonal Thaw in a Blue-ice Area of the Antarctic Interior<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4. Summary Discussion:
Causes of Glacier Fluctuations<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.1.
Global Warming: First-order Cause of the Modern-day Retreat and Thinning of Glaciers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.2. What Drives
Variability in Glacier Responses to the Changing Global Environment?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.3.
Glacier Change is Heterogeneous and Multivariate<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.4.
Variable Response Times as a Further Cause of Heterogeneous Glacier Responses<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.5. Other
Causes of Glacier Variability of Response Dynamics<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.4.6. The Things
We Don’t Know (but Will Affect Glaciers and Us)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 33.4.6.1. Extreme Weather<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 33.4.6.2. Reduction of Sea Ice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 33.4.6.3. Shifting Thermohaline Circulation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 33.4.6.4. Release of Methane from Seafloor and Lowland
Permafrost Methane Clathrate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="EN-GB"> 33.4.6.5. Do Glaciers Show Evidence of Major Regime
Shifts?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.5. The Public’s Two Big
Questions <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> 33.6. Conclusions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> Acknowledgments<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left:9.0pt;tab-stops:22.5pt 31.5pt .75in 1.25in 135.0pt"> References <o:p></o:p></p>
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