News & Stories

Across the globe, snow and ice play a vital role in regulating Earth’s climate and providing freshwater resources to people, plants, and animals.

As Earth’s frozen regions change rapidly, NSIDC is committed to growing its research and open access data to better understand these changes. Read about NSIDC research and its contribution to science and policy making. Check out spotlights on how to use NSIDC data, tools, and resources. Learn about how we steward data and collaborate with scientists and organizations across the world to understand how the frozen parts of Earth affect the rest of the planet and impact society.

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This NASA blue marble image shows Arctic sea ice extent on March 22, 2025, when sea ice reached its maximum extent for the year. Sea ice extent for March 22 averaged 14.33 million square kilometers (5.53 million square miles), the lowest in the 47-year satellite record.
News Release
Arctic sea ice has likely reached its maximum extent for the year, at 14.33 million square kilometers (5.53 million square miles) on March 22, according to scientists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado Boulder. The 2025 maximum sea ice extent is the lowest in the 47-year satellite record, falling short of the previous record low of 14.41 million square kilometers (5.56 million square miles) set on March 7, 2017.
sea ice off of the coast of iceland
Analysis - Sea Ice Today

Arctic sea ice extent appears to have reached its annual maximum on March 22, 2025. This is the lowest maximum in the 47-year satellite record, with previous low maximums occurring in 2017, 2018, 2016, and 2015.

Mother penguin feeds her young
Analysis - Ice Sheets Today
Melting on the Antarctic Ice Sheet for the 2024 to 2025 season began with above average melt extents in all regions, but melt extent dropped to nearly zero or below average from February 1 to March 15. Net accumulation of snow, part of the ice sheet’s surface mass balance, was far above average for the year, helping reduce the ice sheet’s net contribution to sea level rise for this period.
Photo of melt ponds on sea ice
Ask a Scientist
Sea ice melt is not a significant contributor to sea level rise, but its contribution is not nothing, either. Sea ice is composed mostly of fresh water, which is less dense than salty ocean water. Consequently, sea ice melt produces water that takes up more volume than an equivalent weight of salt water, although the difference is minimal.
Diagram of Xarray data structure showing 2- and 3-dimensional arrays
Spotlight
NSIDC expertise has contributed to the enhancement of Xarray, a popular open-source tool used for data analysis and visualization. DataTree has been integrated into Xarray.
Data image of Antarctic sea ice on March 1, 2025.
News Release
Antarctic sea ice has likely reached its minimum extent for the year, at 1.98 million square kilometers (764,000 million square miles) on March 1, 2025, according to scientists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado Boulder. The 2025 minimum is effectively tied with 2022 and 2024 for second lowest in the 47-year satellite record. It is 190,000 square kilometers (73,000 square miles) above the record low, set in 2023. The last four minimums have been the lowest on record.