Temperature Variation References

Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 2010. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis. Accessed 5 August 2010.

Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and Mki. Sato. 1999. GISS analysis of surface temperature change. Journal of Geophysical Research 104: 30997-31022.

Hansen, J.E., R. Ruedy, Mki. Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, and T. Karl. 2001. A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. Journal of Geophysical Research 106: 23947-23963.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers.

Karl, T.R., K.E. Trenberth. 2003. Modern global climate change. Science 302: 1719-1723.

National Research Council (NRC). 2000. Reconciling observations of global temperature change. Panel on Reconciling Temperature Observations, Climate Research Committee, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources. National Academy Press.

Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, and R.G. Barry. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46: 159-207.

Northern Hemisphere Snow References

Armstrong, R.L., and M.J. Brodzik. 2001. Recent Northern Hemisphere snow extent: a comparison of data derived from visible and microwave sensors. Geophysical Research Letters 28(19): 3673-3676.

Brodzik, M.J., R.L. Armstrong, E.C. Weatherhead, M.H. Savoie, K.W. Knowles, and D.A. Robinson. 2006. Regional trend analysis of satellite-derived snow extent and global temperature anomalies. EOS Transactions AGU 87(52), Fall Meeting Supplement. Abstract U33A-0011.

Frei, A., and D.A. Robinson. 1999. Northern Hemisphere snow extent: regional variability 1972-1994. International Journal of Climatology 19: 1535-1560.

Groisman, P., T.R. Karl, and R.W. Knight. 1994. Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science 263: 198-200.

Mote, P.W., A.F. Hamlet, M.P. Clark, and D.P. Lettenmaier. 2005. Declining Mountain Snowpack in Western North America. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86: 39-49.

Robinson. D.A., and A. Frei. 2000. Seasonal variability of Northern Hemisphere snow extent using visible satellite data. Professional Geographer 52(2): 307-315.

Mountain Glacier References

Bamber, J., and A. Payne, eds. 2004. Mass balance of the cryosphere. In Observations and modeling of contemporary and future changes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cogley, J.G. 2002. Glaciology at Trent. Accessed 10 February 2005.

Cogley, J.G., and W.P. Adams. 1998. Mass balance of glaciers other than the ice sheets. Journal of Glaciology 44(147): 315-325.

Dyurgerov, M.B. 2002. Glacier mass balance and regime: data measurements and analysis. Occasional Paper No. 55.

Dyurgerov, M.B., and M.F. Meier. 1997. Mass balance of mountain and subpolar glaciers: a new global assessment for 1961-1990. Arctic and Alpine Research 29(4): 379-391.

Dyurgerov, M.B., and M.F. Meier. 2005. Glaciers and the changing Earth system: A 2004 snapshot. Occasional Paper No. 58.

Haeberli, W., M. Hoelzle, and S. Suter, eds. 1998. Into the second century of world glacier monitoring - prospects and strategies. Studies and reports in hydrology - a contribution to the IHP and the GEMS. World Glacier Monitoring Service.

Kaser, G., J.G. Cogley, M.B. Dyurgerov, M.F. Meier, and A. Ohmura. 2006. Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: Consensus estimates for 1961-2004. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2006GL027511.

Raup, B., A. Racoviteanu, S.J.S. Khalsa, C. Helm, R. Armstrong, and Y. Arnaud. 2007. The GLIMS geospatial glacier database: a new tool for studying glacier change. Global and Planetary Change 56: 101-110.

Meier, M.F., and D.B. Bahr. 1996. Counting glaciers: use of scaling methods to estimate the number and size distribution of the glaciers of the world. In Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Volcanoes: A Tribute to Mark F. Meier. S.C. Colbeck, ed. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL).

Oerlemans, J. 2001. Glaciers and climate change. A.A. Balkena Publishers.

Permafrost and Frozen Ground References

Brown, J., O.J. Ferrians, Jr., J.A. Heginbottom, and E.S. Melnikov. 1998. Digital Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions. In International Permafrost Association, Data and Information Working Group, comp. Circumpolar Active-Layer Permafrost System (CAPS) version 1.0. Available from NSIDC User Services.

ENN News Archive. 1999. Warm Arctic may enhance global warming. 1 March 1999. Environmental News Network.

Goulden, M.L., S.C. Wofsy, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, P.M. Crill, S.T. Gower, T. Fries, B.C. Daube, S.-M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz, and J. W. Munger. 1998. Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279: 214-217.

Isaksen, K., R.E. Benestad, C. Harris, and J.L. Sollid. 2007. Recent extreme near-surface permafrost temperatures on Svalbard in relation to future climate scenarios. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2007GL031002.

Lawrence, D.M., and A.G. Slater. 2005. A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2005GL025080.

National Research Council of Canada. 1988. Glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms. Permafrost Subcommittee, Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research.

Nelson, F.E., O.A. Anisimov, and N.I. Shiklomanov. 2001. Subsidence risk from thawing permafrost. Nature 410: 889-890.

Osterkamp, T.E. 2007. Characteristics of the recent warming of permafrost in Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research doi:10.1029/2006JF000578.

Williams, P.J., and M.W. Smith. 1989. The frozen earth: fundamentals of geocryology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Zhang, T. 2005. Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: an overview. Reviews of Geophysics 43: RG4002. doi:10.1029/2004RG000157.

Zhang, T., R.L. Armstrong, and J. Smith. 2003. Investigation of the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle in the contiguous United States: algorithm development and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research doi:10.1029/2003JD003530.

Zhang, T., R.G. Barry, K. Knowles, J.A. Heginbottom, and J. Brown. 1999. Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography 23(2): 147-169.

Zhang, T., R.G. Barry, K. Knowles, F. Ling, and R.L. Armstrong. 2003. Distribution of seasonally and perennially frozen ground in the Northern Hemisphere. In Permafrost. Phillips, Springman, and Arenson, eds. Swets and Zeitlinger.

Sea Ice References

Cavalieri, D.J., C.L. Parkinson, and K.Y. Vinnikov. 2003. 30-year satellite record reveals contrasting Arctic and Antarctic decadal sea ice variability. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2003GL018031.

Johannessen, O.M., E.V. Shalina, and M.W. Miles. 1999. Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice cover in transformation. Science 286: 1937-1939.

Kwok, R., and D.A. Rothrock. 2009. Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008. Geophysical Research Letters. 36, L15501. doi:10.1029/2009GL039035.

Lindsay, R.W., and J. Zhang. 2005. The thinning of Arctic sea ice, 1988-2003: Have we passed a tipping point? Journal of Climate 18: 4879-4894.

Maslanik, J.A., M.C. Serreze, and T. Agnew. 1999. On the record reduction in 1998 western Arctic sea-ice cover. Journal of Geophysical Research 26(13): 1905-1908.

Maslanik, J.A., M.C. Serreze, and R.G. Barry. 1996. Recent decreases in Arctic summer ice cover and linkages to atmospheric circulation anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters 23: 1677-1680.

Maslanik, J.A., M.C. Serreze, and R.G. Barry. 1996. Recent decreases in Arctic summer ice cover and linkages to atmospheric circulation anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters 23: 1677-1680.

Maslanik, J.A., C. Fowler, J. Stroeve, S. Drobot, J. Zwally, D. Yi, and W. Emery. 2007. A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters. 34, L24501. doi:10.1029/2007GL032043.

Meier, W.N., J.C. Stroeve, and F. Fetterer. 2006. Whither Arctic sea ice? A clear signal of decline regionally, seasonally and extending beyond the satellite record. Annals of Glaciology 46: 428-434.

Parkinson, C.L. 1995. Recent sea-ice advances in Baffin Bay/Davis Strait and retreats in the Bellingshausen Sea. Annals of Glaciology 21: 348-352.

Rigor, I.G., and J.M. Wallace, 2004. Variations in the age of Arctic sea-ice and summer sea-ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2004GL019492.

Rigor, I.G., J.M. Wallace, and R.L. Colony. 2002. Response of sea-ice to the Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate 15: 2648-2663.

Rothrock, D.A., Y. Yu, and G.A. Maykut. 1999. Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover. Geophysical Research Letters 26(23): 3469-3472.

Serreze, M.C., M.M. Holland, and J. Stroeve. 2007. Perspectives on the Arctic's shrinking sea-ice cover. Science 315: 1533-1536.

Serreze, M.C., J.A. Maslanik, T.A. Scambos, F. Fetterer, J. Stroeve, K. Knowles, C. Fowler, S. Drobot, R.G. Barry, and T.M. Haran. 2003. A record minimum arctic sea ice extent and area in 2002. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2002GL016406.

Stirling, I., and C.L. Parkinson. 2006. Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears. (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59(3): 261-275.

Stroeve, J., M.M. Holland, W. Meier, T. Scambos, and M. Serreze. 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2007GL029703.

Stroeve, J.C., M.C. Serreze, F. Fetterer, T. Arbetter, W. Meier, J. Maslanik, and K. Knowles. 2005. Tracking the Arctic's Shrinking Ice Cover: Another Extreme Minimum in 2004. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2004GL021810.

Vinnikov, K.Y., A. Robock, R.J. Stouffer, J.E. Walsh, C.L. Parkinson, D.J. Cavalieri, J.F.B. Mitchell, D. Garrett, and V.F. Zakharov. 1999. Global warming and Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 286: 1934-1937.

Ice Shelves References

Cooper, A.P.R. 1997. Historical observations of Prince Gustav Ice Shelf. Polar Record 33(187): 285-294.

Doake, C.S.M., and D.G. Vaughan. 1991. Rapid disintegration of the Wordie Ice Shelf in response to atmospheric warming. Nature 350: 328-330.

Fox, A.J., and D.G. Vaughan. 2005. The retreat of Jones Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Glaciology 51(175): 555-560.

Glasser, N.F., and T.A. Scambos. 2008. A structural glaciological analysis of the 2002 Larsen B ice shelf collapse. Journal of Glaciology 54(184): 3-16.

Hughes, T. 1983. On the disintegration of ice shelves: The role of fracture. Journal of Glaciology 29(101): 98-117.

Jeffries, M.O. 2002. Ellesmere Island ice shelves and ice islands. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J J147-J163.

Joughin, I., W. Abdalati, and M. Fahnestock. 2004. Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier. Nature 432: 608-610.

Khazendar, A., E. Rignot, and E. Larour. 2007. Larsen B Ice Shelf rheology preceding its disintegration inferred by a control method. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2007GL030980.

Lucchitta, B.K., and C.E. Rosanova. 1998. Retreat of northern margins of George VI and Wilkins Ice Shelves, Antarctic Peninsula. Annals of Glaciology 27: 41-46.

Payne, A.J., A. Vieli, A.P. Shepherd, D.J. Wingham, E. Rignot. 2004. Recent dramatic thinning of largest West Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2004GL021284.

Rack, W., and H. Rott. 2004. Pattern of retreat and disintegration of the Larsen B Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. Annals of Glaciology 39: 505-510.

Rignot, E., J.L. Bamber, M.R. van den Broeke, C. Davis, Y. Li, W.J. van de Berg, and E. van Meijgaard. 2008. Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling. Nature Geoscience 1: 106-110.

Rignot, E., G. Casassa, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, A. Rivera, and R. Thomas. 2004. Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2004GL020697.

Rignot, E., and S.S. Jacobs. 2002. Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic Ice Sheet grounding lines. Science 296(5575): 2020-2023.

Rott, H., W. Rack, P. Skvarca, and H. De Angelis. 2002. Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Further retreat after collapse. Annals of Glaciology 34: 277-282.

Rott, H., P. Skvarca, and T. Nagler. 1996. Rapid collapse of northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Science 271: 788-792.

Scambos, T.A., J.A. Bohlander, C.A. Shuman, and P. Skvarca. 2004. Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters doi:10.1029/2004GL020670.

Scambos, T.A., H.A. Fricker, C.-C. Liu, J. Bohlander, J. Fastook, A. Sargent, R. Massom, A.-M. Wu. 2009. Ice shelf disintegration by plate bending and hydro-fracture: Satellite observations and model results of the 2008 Wilkins ice shelf break-ups. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280: 51-60.

Scambos, T.A., T.M. Haran, M.A. Fahnestock, T.H. Painter, and J.A. Bohlander. 2007. MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data sets: Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size. Remote Sensing of Environment 111(2-3): 242-257.

Scambos, T., C. Hulbe, and M. Fahnestock. 2003. Climate-induced ice shelf disintegration in the Antarctic Peninsula. In Antarctic Peninsula climate variability: historical and paleoenvironmental perspectives, Antarctic Research Series 79: 79-92.

Scambos, T.A., C. Hulbe, M.A. Fahnestock, and J. Bohlander. 2000. The link between climate warming and breakup of ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Glaciology 46(154): 516-530.

Shepherd, A., D. Wingham, T. Payne, P. Skvarca. 2003. Larsen Ice Shelf has progressively thinned. Science 302(5646): 856-859.

Skvarca, P. 1994. Changes and surface features of the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica, derived from Landsat and Kosmos mosaics. Annals of Glaciology 20: 6-12.

Stammerjohn, S.E., D.G. Martinson, R.C. Smith, and R.A. Iannuzzi. 2008. Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: Spatio-temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.026.

Vaughan, D.G., and C.S.M. Doake. 1996. Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula. Nature 379: 328-331.

Vieli, A., A.J. Payne, A. Shepherd, Z. Du. 2007. Causes of pre-collapse changes of the Larsen B ice shelf: Numerical modelling and assimilation of satellite observations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259: 297-306.

Ward, C.G. 1995. Mapping ice front changes of Müller Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science 7(2): 197-198.

Weertman, J. 1973. Can a water-filled crevasse reach the bottom surface of a glacier? In International Association of Scientific Hydrology (Symposium at Cambridge 1969: Hydrology of Glaciers) 95: 139-145.

Zwally, H.J., W. Abdalati, T. Herring, K. Larson, J. Saba, and K. Steffen. 2002. Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow. Science 297: 218-222.

Sea Level References

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers.

Meier, M.F., M.B. Dyurgerov, U.K. Rick, S. O'Neel, W.T. Pfeffer, R.S. Anderson, S.P. Anderson, and A.F. Glazovsky. 2007. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science 317: 1064-1067.

Last updated: 5 August 2010