Data Set ID:
G01377

Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database, Version 1

The Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database contains freeze and thaw/breakup dates as well as other descriptive ice cover data for 865 lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. Of the 542 water bodies that have records longer than 19 years, 370 of them are in North America and 172 are in Eurasia. 249 lakes and rivers have records longer than 50 years, and 66 have records longer than 100 years. A few water bodies have data available prior to 1845. This database, with water bodies distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, allows for the analysis of broad spatial patterns as well as long-term temporal patterns.

Get Data

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DOWNLOADING DATA VIA FTP

Data can be downloaded through a Web browser or command line via FTP. When using a Web browser, the FTP link first directs you to an Optional Registration Form that if filled out, will allow you to receive notifications about updates or processing changes related to that specific data set. After completing the Optional Registration Form, the FTP directory becomes available. For additional help downloading data through an FTP client, go to the How to access data using an FTP client support page.

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Search Database: Get data using a database search interface.
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Geographic Coverage

Parameter(s):
  • Snow/Ice > Freeze/Thaw > Freeze Date
  • Breakup Date
  • Ice Duration
  • Snow/Ice > Freeze/Thaw
  • Snow/Ice > Lake Ice
  • Snow/Ice > River Ice
Spatial Coverage:

  • N: 82.5, S: 36.5, E: 149.3, W: -140.4
Spatial Resolution:
  • Varies
Temporal Coverage:
  • 1 January 0874 to 31 December 2009
(updated 2012)
Temporal Resolution: Varies
Data Format(s):
  • ASCII Text
Platform(s) GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
Sensor(s): VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
Version: V1
Data Contributor(s): Barbara Benson, John Magnuson, Florence Fetterer
Metadata XML: View Metadata Record

Data Citation

As a condition of using these data, you must cite the use of this data set using the following citation. For more information, see our Use and Copyright Web page.

Benson, B. and J. Magnuson. 2000, updated 2012. Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database, Version 1. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5W66HP8. [Date Accessed].

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Notice: 

22 September 2015 - The Lake Suwa Japan data with lake code ARAI1 have been temporarily removed from the database due to an error found in the calendar correction for the data. The data providers are working on a correction but there is no timeline for completion.

Detailed Data Description

Summary

The Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database contains freeze and thaw/breakup dates as well as other descriptive ice cover data for 865 lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. Of the 542 water bodies that have records longer than 19 years, 370 of them are in North America and 172 are in Eurasia. 249 lakes and rivers have records longer than 50 years, and 66 have records longer than 100 years. A few water bodies have data available prior to 1845. This database, with water bodies distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, allows for the analysis of broad spatial patterns as well as long-term temporal patterns.

This data set was prepared by the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (NTL-LTER) program at the Center for Limnology (CFL) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) from data submitted by participants in the Lake Ice Analysis Group (LIAG). LIAG is an international ad hoc group of scientists who participated in a 1996 workshop sponsored by CFL and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program as well as other data contributors. The group is especially interested in continuous data extending for 30 years or more. If you wish to contribute data for inclusion in the database, please contact Corinna Gries (cgries@wisc.edu) at CFL.

The data are stored in a standard format in a database. NSIDC has developed a Web-based user interface to the database that allows users to search the database and retrieve data by the available parameters. The interface also includes a link to more general information about the lakes and rivers in the database, including, for example, latitude and longitude. The output can be directed to a Web browser, a gzipped file, or a tab-separated ASCII text file.

Note: The term phenology in the data set title refers to the seasonal phenomenon of the freezing and thawing of lake and river ice.

Access to the Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database data set is unrestricted, but users are encouraged to register for the data. Registered users will automatically receive e-mail notification about any product changes.

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Data Set Purpose

This data set provides a long-term record of freeze and thaw/breakup dates of ice on rivers and lakes across the Northern Hemisphere that will allow analysis of broad spatial patterns and long-term temporal patterns.

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Data Collection Notes

The freeze date (ice on) is defined as the first date on which the water body was observed to be completely ice covered, and the breakup date (ice off) is the date of the last breakup observed before the summer open water phase. Note, however, that individual sites (such as lakes) have adopted different definitions for "completely ice covered" that differ from site to site but that are consistent within each site in recent years. Also note that for Russian river data, the ice-off date is the date of the start of ice drift on the river (this could be before, concurrent with, or after the date when complete ice coverage is over). Ice duration is the number of days that a water body is completely covered with ice. For example, a lake that thawed for several days in mid-winter and then refroze would have the duration calculated as the number of days from ice-on to ice-off minus those days when it thawed. For Russian rivers, duration is measured from the ice-on date to the date the river is no longer completely covered; the reported ice-off date (start of ice drift) is not used in the calculation of duration for these rivers.

Historical observations were made for different reasons such as religious, cultural, practical (the need for transportation over ice or open water), or out of curiosity. Most of the records show ice-off and ice-on dates, but some show only that the water body froze completely in a given year (Magnuson et al., 2000).

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Software and Tools

Get Data

The database can be accessed in a number of ways. You can download the complete database tables as comma separated text files from the FTP site. The dates in the file names correspond to the last time that database had an update.

Additionally, there are two web search interfaces that allow the user to customize each query to the database by specifying geographical coverage, date range, and a combination of available parameters and text such as lake or river name. To search for freeze dates, thaw dates, and ice duration, use the Freeze/Thaw Dates Search interface. To retrieve physical characteristic information for the lakes and rivers in the database, use the Physical Characteristics Search interface. For more information on these two interfaces, see the Freeze/Thaw Parameters or the Physical Characteristics Parameters sections, respectively.

Searches use simple text and are not case sensitive. Refer to the Search Tips section for pointers on finding all the available information in the database for a particular lake or river.

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Freeze/Thaw Parameters

The Freeze/Thaw Dates Search interface allows you to retrieve freeze dates, thaw dates, and ice duration for the lakes and rivers in the LIAG freeze/thaw database.

Input

The possible input parameters are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. LIAG Search Interface Input Parameters
Parameter Description
Country Countries to choose from:
Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Russia, Russia-Estonia, Sweden, Switzerland, and United States
Latitude and Longitude Allows user to create a geographical box around a region by entering a northernmost and southernmost latitude and a westernmost and easternmost longitude.
Lake or River Name Free text field to enter the name of the lake or river. It is case insensitive.
Name Code Alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies a lake or river. Case sensitive.
Lake and/or River: Choose lake data only, river data only, or both
Minimum Year Minimum search year (inclusive). Note: This parameter is on the Freeze/Thaw Dates interface only.
Maximum Year Maximum search year (inclusive). Note: This parameter is on the Freeze/Thaw Dates interface only.

Output

The possible output parameters of the Freeze/Thaw Dates Search interface are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Freeze/Thaw Search Output Parameters
Output Parameter Description
Ice On Date Freeze date: Defined as the first date on which the water body was observed to be completely ice covered. The format is YYYY, M[M], D[D]; where YYYY is the 4-digit year, M[M] is the 1- or 2-digit month, and D[D] is the 1- or 2-digit day of month.
Ice Off Date Thaw/Breakup date: Defined as the date of the last breakup observed before the summer open water phase. The format is YYYY, M[M], D[D]; where YYYY is the 4-digit year, M[M] is the 1- or 2-digit month, and D[D] is the 1- or 2-digit day of month.
Ice Duration The number of days that a water body is completely covered with ice. The format is a 1- to 3-digit day of year (ddd).
Season Ice season given in the form YYYY-YY: 4-digit fall year to 2-digit spring year.
Frozen Denotes whether or not lake or river froze during the season (Y: yes, N: no, U: unknown)
Latitude Latitude of the measurement in decimal degrees
Longitude Longitude of the measurement in decimal degrees
Lake or River Name Name of the lake or river. Note: A lake or river may be in the database more than once due to spelling differences in the names.
Name Code Unique code to identify a lake or river. Created by data managers at the Center for Limnology (CFL) at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Lake or River Lake or River Flag (L: lake, R: river)
Country Name Name of the country in which the body of water resides.
Comments General comments concerning the data record made by contributors or CFL data managers.

Sort

You can sort the Freeze/Thaw Dates Search by one of the following parameters:

  • Ice Duration
  • Season
  • Latitude
  • Longitude
  • Lake Name
  • Lake or River (lakes, then rivers)
  • Country Name

Output Format

Users may choose from three output formats: output to a Web browser, output to a gzipped CSV (comma-separated) ASCII file, or output to a TSV (Tab-Separated) ASCII file. The value -999 is used for missing or unknown values.

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Physical Characteristics Parameters

The Physical Characteristics Search interface allows you to retrieve physical characteristic information for lakes and rivers in the LIAG Freeze/Thaw Database.

Input

See Table 1 for a description of input parameters.

Output

The possible output parameters of the Physical Characteristics Search interface are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Physical Characteristics Search Output Parameters
Output Parameter Description
Lake or River Name Name of the lake or river. Note: A lake or river may be in the database more than once due to spelling differences in the names.
Name Code Unique code to identify a lake or river. Created by data managers at the Center for Limnology (CFL) at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Lake or River Lake or River Flag (L: lake, R: river)
Continent 1-character continent code
A: Asia
E: Europe
N: North America
Country Name of the country in which the lake or river resides. See Table 1 for a list of countries.
State Name of the state in which the lake or river resides, if applicable.
Latitude Latitude in decimal degrees.
Longitude Longitude in decimal degrees.
Elevation Elevation of lake or river above sea level in meters
Mean Depth Mean depth of lake or river in meters
Max Depth Maximum depth of lake or river in meters
Median Depth Median depth of lake or river in meters
Surface Area Surface area of lake or river in square kilometers
Shoreline Length Shoreline length of lake in kilometers
Largest City Population Population of largest city on lake
Power Plant Discharge A flag indicating if a power plant discharges into the lake or river
Y: Yes
N: No
-: Unknown
Area Drained The area drained by streams in square kilometers (for a lake or river)
Landuse Code Landuse code of the area surrounding the lake or river. Every code that applies to a lake or river is listed in this field.
U: Urban
A: Agricultural
F: Forest
G: Grassland
O: Other 
-999: Missing/unknown
Conductivity Conductivity of the water in microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm)
Secchi Depth Depth the secchi disk reached in meters.
Contributor Last name of investigator who submitted the data. See list of Contributing Scientists (pdf, 88KB).
Inlet Stream A flag indicating if a lake has an inlet stream.
Y: Yes
N: No
-: Unknown
Comments General comments concerning the data record made by contributors or CFL data managers.

Sort

The output from the Physical Characteristics Search can be sorted by one of the following parameters:

  • Lake Name
  • Latitude
  • Longitude
  • Country Name
  • Lake or River (lakes, then rivers)
  • Mean Depth
  • Max Depth
  • Surface Area
  • Area Drained

Output Format

Users may choose from three output formats: output to a Web browser, output to a gzipped CSV (comma-separated) ASCII file, or output to a TSV (Tab-Separated) ASCII file. The value -999 is used for missing or unknown values.

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Search Tips

For each query, the user may include choices from several categories. If the user does not select anything from a given group of choices, the search does not use that group to filter the data. For instance, if no country is specified, the search includes all the countries by default; if no latitude or longitude is specified, the search defaults to the full geographical range; if no lake name or code is specified, the search includes all lake names and codes, and so on.

  • For searches that may generate a large amount of data, it is best to save the data as a gzip file instead of sending the output to the browser.
  • Searches ignore the word "lake" in a lake name.
  • If you do not select anything from a given group of choices, the search does not use that group to filter the data. For instance, if no geographical information is specified, the search includes all regions by default; if no lake name or code is specified, the search includes all lake names and codes, and so on.
  • Lake or River name is case insensitive, however,
  • Search by a country or by a latitude and longitude but not by both.
  • The lake name field includes actual lake names as well as station names, while the lake code field uniquely identifies each sampling site. Since there might be more than one sampling site on a lake, it may be necessary to search for the lake name and then for the particular site.

    To make sure that you find all the data for a particular lake or river, do a larger more general search first; and then refine your query based on the data retrieved by the first query.
  • If you search by lake name, you may find that there is more than one spelling used for the lake or that there is more than one site that contains the name you requested. 

    The spelling for some lake and river names may vary because of the way they were transliterated from the original language, for instance, Lake Baikal and Lake Baykal refer to the same lake, but were translated to the Latin alphabet from the Cyrillic alphabet in different ways. 

    To avoid missing data for a particular lake with slightly different spelling entries, do a search using latitude and longitude information instead.
  • The most accurate method of finding all the lake or river data in a specific region is to do a latitude and longitude search.
  • Users may search for a particular lake or river name, or a range of latitude and longitude. The interface ignores the word "lake" in a request for a particular lake name. For example, a search for the name "Great Slave Lake" will return several matches for "Great Slave" as shown on the following list of uniquely identifying lake codes:

The following items matched the word(s) %GREAT%SLAVE%%.

Find the lake you want in the list below, and using the corresponding lake code, use your browser's "Back" button to place this code in the "lakecode" field on the previous page:

(Fields are: lake or river name, lake code, country, latitude, longitude) GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258, CANADA, 60.8300, -115.7800 GREAT SLAVE LAKE (CHRISTIE BAY), WRS254, CANADA, 62.4000, -110.7300 GREAT SLAVE LAKE - CHARLTON BAY, WRS255, CANADA, 62.7200, -111.1700 GREAT SLAVE LAKE - MCLEOD BAY, WRS256, CANADA, 62.7200, -110.1700 GREAT SLAVE LAKE - POLICE BAY, WRS257, CANADA, 62.7200, -109.1700 RESOLUTION BAY GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS369, CANADA, 61.1800, -113.6800

The following example is one possible output from a query using the lake code "WRS258" from the above list, in addition to several other possible parameters and sort codes:

You asked for: 

iceon_year, iceon_month, iceon_day , iceoff_year, iceoff_month,
iceoff_day , duration, season, latitude, longitude, lakename,
lakecode

Where:


country = 'CANADA' AND lakename LIKE '%GREAT%SLAVE%%' AND
lakecode LIKE 'WRS258' AND iceon_year >= 
1900 AND iceoff_year <= 2000
Sorted by: 

duration
1957, 12, 14, -999, -999, -999, -999, 1957-58, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258
1959, 12, 9, -999, -999, -999, -999, 1959-60, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258
1960, 12, 7, -999, -999, -999, -999, 1960-61, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258
1961, 12, 15, -999, -999, -999, -999, 1961-62, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258
1956, 12, 15, 1957, 7, 1, 198, 1956-57, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258
1958, 12, 18, 1959, 7, 4, 198, 1958-59, 60.8300, -115.7800, GREAT SLAVE LAKE, WRS258

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Data Acquisition and Processing

Data Sources

The Lake Ice Analysis Group (LIAG) at the University of Wisconsin compiled the data from several individual collections. See a list of Contributing Scientists (pdf, 88KB). The oldest records are from Germany dating back to 874 and Japan dating back to 1444. The contributing countries are the following:

  • Canada
  • China
  • Finland
  • Germany
  • Hungary
  • Japan
  • Norway
  • Russia
  • Russia-Estonia
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United States
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Data Updates and Corrections

The database managers are not liable for ensuring the accuracy of the original data; this is the responsibility of individual data contributors. Some basic quality control checks were performed on contributed data and, in some cases, corrections were made; however, we recommend that users of the database screen the data for inconsistencies that might indicate errors.

January 2014

An update was made to the database to address discrepancies in the St. Regis Lower lake (KMS16) data noted by C. Stager of Paul Smiths College. He found several data to be conflicting with the records he had found at the college library. The discrepancies have been addressed by adding comments to KMS16 and adding a new record with lakecode: CS1. Stager feels strongly that the older data (before 1970) may be for a different lake because the college did not exist at the time. There are also some discrepancies in single dates after 1970.

In addition, the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecology Research (NTL-LTER) sent updates ten lakes in the NTL region for 2010 to 2013: Allequash Lake (JJM1), Big Muskellunge Lake (JJM2), Crystal Bog (JJM3), Crystal Lake (JJM4), Lake Mendota (DMR1), Lake Monona (DMR2), Lake Wingra (JJM18), Sparkling Lake (JJM6), Trout Bog (JJM7), and Trout Lake (JJM8).

January 2012

Notice: 22 September 2015 - The Lake Suwa Japan data with lake code ARAI1 have been temporarily removed from the database due to an error found in the calendar correction for the data. The data providers are working on a correction but there is no timeline for completion.

A calendar correction was made to the Lake Suwa, Japan data. The LIAG team had erroneously assumed that the translation from the ancient Japanese calendar to Gregorian dates set the first month of the year to February and not January. However, when they consulted the original datasheets in Japan, the first month was indeed January. Therefore, the LIAG team introduced a negative 30 day correction to the Lake Suwa data before 1872 to fix this. Change applied 1 February 2012.

NSIDC has received inquiries from users asking about the location of Bigwood Lake (WRS214). Users should note that Bigwood Lake (WRS214) in the NSIDC database refers to the small lake near Sioux Lookout, Ontario and not the Bigwood Lake near Sudbury.

February 2007

The following changes were made to the NSIDC database for Detroit Lake, MN (MINN2):

New data:

  • "Ice on" dates and ice duration for start years 1899, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1909, and 1980 - 2001.
  • "Ice off" dates for start years 2004, 2005.

Changed data:

  • "Ice on" date changed from October 28, 1913 to December 8, 1913.
  • Ice duration for 1913-1914 changed from 177 days to 136 days.
  • "Ice off" date changed from May 19, 1908 to April 19, 1908 for the 1907-1908 ice season.

Note that discrepancies between the NSIDC database and other sources may exist.

In February 2007, a user noted discrepancies between the Detroit Lake, MN data in our NSIDC database and the Becker County Record (Detroit Lakes Newspaper) from April of 2002. David Balsiger looked into this and noted that some discrepancies range from one to five days and some are of even greater magnitude. Pete Boulay (Assistant State Climatologist for the Minnesota State Climatology Office, Department of Natural Resources - Division of Waters) responded with the following:

"Determining ice-out is far from an exact science. Depending on what definition of "ice-out" is used, the dates can vary considerably. Some people choose being able to get from Point "A" to Point "B" and some wait until every last ice crystal is melted.

Every effort is made to use the same source for ice out from year to year. Individuals that live on the lake have tended to be very good sources. Their view of the lake will not be flawless: (they may have limited view.) I have noted that lake residents will often call friends across the lake to verify their date. Newspapers can vary with accounts. Small newspapers may have staff that changes fairly often. One editor may have a different idea what "ice out" means from another so this can be difficult."

July 2006

NSIDC received corrections from David Balsiger (University of Wisconsin-Madison). The corrections have been fixed in the NSIDC database and include the following:

  • The latitude and longitude coordinates for Lake Geneva (JJM27) were changed to 42.57 (latitude) and -88.50 (longitude).
  • Coordinates for Lake Baikal (NG1) have been changed to 51.85 (latitude) and 104.87 (longitude).
  • Corrections were made for Lake Baikal (NG1) for "ice off" dates in 1981-82, 1982-83, and 1991-92 through 1995-96. "Ice on" dates were updated for 1994-95.
  • These errors were in the original data submitted to our data providers. Correct dates were obtained from the Minnesota state climatologist and confirmed by the original contributor.
Table 4. Corrected Dates for Detroit Lake, MN (MINN2)
Erroneous "ice off" dates for Detroit Lake, MN (MINN2) Correct "ice off" dates for Detroit Lake, MN (MINN2)
6/11/1893 5/12/1893
5/27/1894 4/27/1894
5/9/1895 4/9/1895
5/26/1896 4/26/1896
5/18/1897 4/18/1897
5/5/1898 4/5/1898
5/28/1899 4/28/1899
5/18/1900 4/17/1900
4/17/1991 4/11/1991
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References and Related Publications

Lake Ice publications from the LIAG database from the Wisconsin Group 1992 to 2016
Compiled by John J. Magnuson, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Anderson, W., D. M. Robertson, and J. J. Magnuson. 1996. Evidence of recent warming and ENSO variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes. Limnology an Oceanography 41: 815-821.

Benson, Barbara J., J. J. Magnuson, O. P. Jensen, V. M. Card, G. Hodgkins, J. Korhonen, D. M. Livingstone, K. M. Stewart, G. A. Weyhenmeyer, and N. G. Granin. 2012. Extreme events, trends, and variability in Northern Hemisphere lake-ice phenology (1855 - 2005). Climatic Change 112(2): 299- 323. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0212-8.

Benson, Barbara J., J. J. Magnuson, Oyvind Nordli, and Terry Prowse. 2009. “River and Lake Ice” in Melting snow and ice: A call for action. Edited by N. Koc, B. Njastad, R. Armstrong, D. D. Jensen, K. R. Leslie, A. Rivers, Y. Tandong, and J. G. Winter. Centre for Ice, Climate, and Ecosystems. Norwegian Polar Institute: 72-77.

Benson, B. J., J. J. Magnuson, R. L. Jacob, and S. L. Fuenger. 2000. Response of lake ice breakup in the Northern Hemisphere to the 1976 interdecadal shift in the north Pacific. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27: 2770-2774.

Ghanbari, R. N., H. R. Bravo, J. J. Magnuson, W. G. Hyzer, and Barbara J. Benson. 2009. Coherence between lake ice cover, local climate and teleconnections (Lake Mendota, Wisconsin). J. of Hydrology 374(2009): 282-293.

Jensen, O. P., B. J. Benson, J. J. Magnuson, V. M. Card, M. N. Futter, P. A. Soranno, and K. M. Stewart. 2007. Spatial analysis of ice phenology trends across the Laurentian Great Lakes region during a recent warming period. Limnology and Oceanography 52: 2013-2026.

Magnuson, J. J. and R. C. Lathrop. 2014. Lake Ice: Winter, Beauty, Value, Changes, and a Threatened Future. Lakeline 34 (4): 18-27.

Magnuson, J. J., Barbara J. Benson, O. P. Jensen, Taryn B. Clark, Virginia Card, M. N. Futter, P. A. Soranno, and K. M. Stewart. 2005. Persistence of coherence of ice-off dates for inland lakes across the Laurentian Great Lakes region. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 29:521-527.

Magnuson, J. J., Barbara J. Benson, and T. K. Kratz. 2004. Patterns of coherent dynamics within and between lake districts at local to intercontinental scales. Boreal Environment Research 9: 359-369.

Magnuson,J. J. 2002. “Signals from ice cover trends and variability” in Fisheries in a Changing Climate. Edited by N. A. McGinn. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 32, Bethesda, MD: 3-13.

Magnuson, J. J., D. M. Robertson, Barbara J. Benson, R. H. Wynne, D. M. Livingstone, T. Arai, R. A. Assel, R. G. Barry, V. Card, E. Kuusisto, N. G. Granin, T. D. Prowse, K. M. Stewart, V. S. Vuglinski. 2000. Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Science 289: 1743-1746. Errata 2001. Science 291: 254.

Magnuson, J. J., R. H. Wynne, Barbara J. Benson, and D. M. Robertson. 2000. Lake and river ice as a powerful indicator of past and present climates. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27: 2749-56.

Robertson, D. M., W. Anderson, and J. J. Magnuson. 1994. “Relations between el Niño/Southern Oscillation events & the climate and ice cover of lakes in Wisconsin” in el Niño & Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Sites. Edited by David Greenland. Publ. No. 18 LTER Network Office: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA: 48-57.

Robertson, D. M., R. A. Ragotzkie, and J. J. Magnuson. 1992. Lake ice records used to detect historical and future climatic changes. Climatic Change 21: 407-427.

Sharma, S., J. J. Magnuson, G. Mendoza, and S. R. Carpenter. 2013. Influences of local weather, large-scale climatic drivers, and the ca. 11 year solar cycle on lake ice breakup dates; 1905-2004. Climatic Change 118: 857-870.

Sharma, S. and J. J. Magnuson. 2014. Oscillatory dynamics do not mask linear trends in the timing of ice breakup for Northern Hemisphere lakes from 1855 to 2004. Climatic Change 124: 835-847.

Sharma, S., J. J. Magnuson, R. D. Batt, L. A. Winslow, J. Korhonen, and Y. Aono. 2016. Direct observations of ice seasonality reveal changes in climate over the past 320-570 years. Scientific Reports 6:25061. doi: 10.1038/srep25061.

Stewart K. M., and J. J. Magnuson. 2009. “Ice” in Encyclopedia of inland waters Vol 2. Edited by G. E. Likens. Elisevier, Oxford, UK: 664-670.

Weyhenmeyer, G. A., D. M. Livingstone, M. Meili, O. Jensen, Barbara J. Benson, and J. J. Magnuson. 2011. Large geographical differences in the sensitivity of ice covered lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere to temperature changes. Global Change Biology 17:268-275.

Wynne, R. W., J. J. Magnuson, M. K. Clayton, T. M. Lillesand, and D. C. Rodman. 1996. Determinants of temporal coherence in the satellite-derived 1987-1994 ice breakup dates of lakes on the Laurentian Shield. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 832-838.

Wynne, R. H., T. M. Lillesand, M. K. Clayton, and J. J. Magnuson. 1998. Satellite monitoring of lake ice breakup on the Laurentian Shield (1980-1994). Photogrametric. Engineering & Remote Sensing 64: 607-617.

Also see the papers published in the Proceedings of the Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL) XXVII Congress, 9-14 August, Dublin, Ireland, 1998.

Contacts and Acknowledgments

Barbara J. Benson (bjbenson@wisc.edu)
John J. Magnuson (jjmagnus@wisc.edu)
Center for Limnology 
University of Wisconsin-Madison 
Madison, WI 53706

Florence Fetterer
National Snow and Ice Data Center
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309

Acknowledgments: 

This data set is maintained at NSIDC with support from the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center.

Document Information

Document Authors

The document was originally written by NSIDC Writers in 2001 and reviewed by both Barbara J. Benson (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Florence Fetterer (NSIDC). It has had numerous updates since then. See the Revision Date section below for details.

Document Creation Date

January 2001

Document Revision Date

Mar. 2017 - A. Windnagel added a large list of references to the References section.
Jan. 2014 - A. Windnagel updated the Data Updates and Corrections section with the newest data updates and also updated the temporal coverage to 2013.
Dec. 2012 - A. Windnagel updated temporal coverage to reflect new additions to the database.
Jan. 2012 - A. Windnagel updated the documentation to reflect new additions to the database and also added tables describing the input and output parameters of the LIAG search interfaces.
Feb. 2007 - L. Ballagh updated the Data Quality Control section to include text on the updates to the Detroit Lake, MN data sent to NSIDC by David Balsiger (University of Wisconsin-Madison).
Jul. 2006 - L. Ballagh updated the Data Quality Control section to include text on the data corrections sent to NSIDC by David Balsiger (University of Wisconsin-Madison). The data corrections were made by Barbara J. Benson and John J. Magnuson from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. I-Pin Wang updated the NSIDC database.

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