CLPX-Ground: Ground Based Passive Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) Data

Summary

This data set contains brightness temperature observations of the snow cover at the Local Scale Observation Site (LSOS) of the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX) in Colorado, USA, and snow density, snow temperature, snow stratigraphy, snow grain size, and snow water equivalent from snow pits near the GBMR-7 instrument. Measurements were taken at 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz (vertical/horizontal polarization) using a ground-based passive microwave radiometer (GBMR-7). Three different measurement techniques were used: 1) scans of undisturbed total snow cover, 2) angular scans with varying incidence angles (30 to 70 degrees), and 3) scans of bare soil and new snow accumulation. In addition to observed snow brightness temperatures, the data set includes snow pit characteristics (density, snow temperature, stratigraphy, snow crystal size, soil moisture) and meteorological forcing data observations (wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, downward long-wave radiation, downward short-wave radiation and precipitation). Snow cover radiometric measurements were made 19-21 January 2002, 10-13 December 2002, 18-26 February 2003 and 25 March 2003. Snow pit and meteorological measurements were made between 1 October 2002 and 29 March 2003.

The NASA CLPX is a multi-sensor, multi-scale experiment that focuses on extending a local-scale understanding of water fluxes, storage, and transformations to regional and global scales. Within a framework of nested study areas in the central Rocky Mountains of the western United States, ranging from 1-ha to 160,000 km², intensive ground, airborne, and spaceborne observations are collected. Data collection focuses on two seasons: mid-winter, when conditions are generally frozen and dry, and early spring, a transitional period when both frozen and thawed, dry and wet conditions are widespread.

Citing These Data

Graf, T., T. Koike, H. Fujii, M. Brodzik, and R. Armstrong. 2003. CLPX-Ground: Ground Based Passive Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) Data. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital Media.

When citing only the snow pit data from this data set, please use the following citation:

Cline, D., R. Armstrong, R. Davis, K. Elder, and G. Liston. 2003, Updated July 2004. CLPX GBMR Snow Pit Measurements. Edited by M. Parsons and M.J. Brodzik. In CLPX-Ground: Ground Based Passive Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) Data, T. Graf, T. Koike, H. Fujii, M. Brodzik, and R. Armstrong. 2003. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital Media.

Overview Table

Category	Description
Data format	Raw data (binary and comma-delimited ASCII) Processed Data (tab-delimited ASCII) Graphs of Processed Data (png graphs)
Spatial coverage	LSOS at Fraser, Colorado, USA
Temporal coverage and resolution	19-21 January 2002 10-13 December 2002 18-26 February 2003 25 March 2003 Meteorological data were collected between 1 October 2002 and 29 March 2003, with a resolution of 10 min (average). Snow pit data were collected between 13 November and 15 December 2002, and between 4 January and 11 March 2003.
File size	Scan files range from 1 to 43 KB, snow pit files are 8 to 17 KB, graphs are 5 KB, and the meteorology/soil files range from 1.6 to 3.7 MB.
Parameter(s)	Brightness temperatures (Kelvin) and meteorological parameters. Snow pit parameters include snow density, snow temperature, snow stratigraphy, snow grain size, and snow water equivalent. Meteorological parameters include maximum wind speed (m/s), average wind speed (m/s), wind direction (degrees), air temperature (degrees Celsius), relative humidity (%), downward longwave radiation (W/m²), downward shortwave radiation (W/m²), and precipitation (mm).
Procedures for obtaining data	Data are available via FTP.

1. Contacts
2. Detailed Data Description
3. Data Access
4. Data Acquisition
5. References and Related Publications
6. Document Information

1. Contacts

Investigator(s) Name and Title

Tobias Graf
Department of Civil Engineering, River & Environmental Engineering
Laboratory 7-3-1
University of Tokyo
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo
113-8656 Japan
email: tgraf@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Technical Contact

NSIDC User Services
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309-0449 USA
phone: +1 303.492.6199
fax: +1 303.492.2468
form: Contact NSIDC User Services
e-mail: nsidc@nsidc.org

2. Detailed Data Description

The data set contains brightness temperature observations of the snow pack at the LSOS in Fraser, Colorado, USA. Measurements were taken at 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz (vertical/horizontal polarization) using a ground-based passive microwave radiometer (GBMR-7). Three different measurement techniques or physical characteristics of the surface are presented:

Undisturbed snow cover (Azimuth 140 to 210 degrees; scans designated fraser03 and fraser07; see Figure 1). The snow cover in this area was undisturbed during the winter season, and therefore the total accumulated snow was observed.

Angular scans (Azimuth 180 degrees; scan designated fraser10; see Figure 1). A single 'direction' was selected for the angular scans, but was observed with different incident angles, which ranged from 30 to 70 degrees

Bare soil and new snow accumulation (Azimuth 270 to 290 degrees; scans designated fraser09 and frzr09b9; see Figure 1). During the winter season, all snow accumulated in this scan area was completely removed, twice.

In addition to observed snow brightness temperatures, snow pit characteristics snow density, snow temperature, snow stratigraphy, snow grain size, and snow water equivalent) and meteorological forcing data observations (wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, downward long-wave radiation, downward short-wave radiation and precipitation) are available. Photos of the sectors cleared of snow are also included.

T_B values of -999.999: indicate a missing T_B measurement. This occurred in the 23 GHz channel after it was disabled during a field repair in November, 2002. This affected all 23 GHz measurements after that date.

Negative TB values (not equal to -999.999): occurred occasionally in all channels, usually when the radiometer was observing the sky. Cold sky temperatures are normally outside the instrument's calibration range, and are therefore not reliable; negative values are not included in averages in the .csv.stats files.

Radiometer Observations

Radiometer data are presented in three forms:

Raw Data (binary and comma-delimited ASCII)
Processed Data (tab-delimited ASCII)
Graphs of Processed Data (.png graphs)

Meteorological, Soil, and Snow Pit Data

Additional data include meteorological and soil data (.csv; comma-separated ASCII) and snow pit data (.csv; comma-separated ASCII files and GIS-compatible shapefile spatial data format). Double quotes are used to delimit text within fields, and commas contained within the double quotes do not indicate a new field. Please see the CLPX Snow Pit Measurements document for more detailed information on the GBMR snow pits.

Format

The GBMR-7 is controlled by an ASCII "scan file" that defines operational parameters for a given measurement session. Controllable features include antenna elevation, azimuth, dwell time, number of samples and channels to record. Five scan files were used during the CLPX experiments, for scan definitions named fraser03, fraser07, fraser09, fraser10 and frzr09b9 (see Figure 1). Data files collected during the experiment are ordered in scan file directories, with data file names determined by date and time the scanfile was executed.

Scan data files are in binary, comma-delimited, and tab-delimited ASCII format. Snow pit data files are in ASCII format. Graphs are in PNG format, and photos of the study site are in JPG format.

GBMR snow pit files include four comma-separated ASCII files (containing summary, density profile, temperature profile, and stratigraphy profile information), and six shapefiles each (with various extensions) for summary, density profile, temperature profile, and stratigraphy profile data. Shapefiles contain everything included in the text files, except for general pit comments, which were too verbose for import into shape format. Please see the CLPX Snow Pit Measurements document for more detailed information on the GBMR snow pits.

File and Directory Structure

The radiometer data are provided as a compressed (tarred and zipped) file, gbmr7-radiometer.tgz, which when uncompressed yields binary data files (.dat), ASCII files (.cvs), processed radiometer data in ASCII (.cvs.stats), and graphs (.png).

Snow pit data are provided as a compressed (tarred and zipped) file, pit_gbmr_v2.tgz, which extracts into two directories: "ascii/" contains the .csv version of the data, and "shape_files/" contains the GIS-compatible shapefiles.

Meteorology and soil data are provided as ASCII files: gbmr7-met.csv and gbmr7-soil.csv.

Photos are provided as JPEG (.jpg) files.

File Naming Convention

Radiometer scan files are named MMDDhhmm.dat, MMDDhhmm.csv, and MMDDhhmm.csv.stats, where MMDDhhmm is month (MM), day (DD) hour (hh), and minute (mm). E.g., 01201615.dat is the binary radiometer file for 20 January 2002 at 1615 hours local time. There are three files for each date/time combination: .dat, .csv, and .csv.stats.

Radiometer graph files are named MMDDhhmm_h-v.png (e.g., 01201615_h-v.png is the radiometer graph file for 20 January 2002 at 1615 hours local time).

January and December files contain data from 2002. February and March files contain data from 2003.

Meteorology and soil files are named gbmr7-met.csv and gbmr7-soil.csv.

Snow pit ASCII files are named as follows (v# is the data version number):

pit_gbmr_v#_density.csv = processed snowpit data - Density
pit_gbmr_v#_strat.csv = processed snowpit data - Stratigraphy
pit_gbmr_v#_summary.csv = processed snowpit data - Summary
pit_gbmr_v#_temperature.csv = processed snowpit data - Temperature

Snow pit shapefile names are pit_gbmr_v#_DATA.ext, where:

v# = Data release number (e.g., version 2)
DATA = type of data in the file: "summary," "density," "temperature," or "strat"
.ext = shape file extensions {.dbf, .prj, .sbn, .sbx, .shp, .shx}

Please see the "Data Set Version History" section of the CLPX Snow Pit Measurements document for information about the latest version release.

Snow Pit ID's

      GBMR Pit IDs: gbmr##x
        gbmr = pit taken near GBMR instrument
        ## = 2-digit pit number, indicates same location throughout the winter				
        x = letter {a,b,c, etc} indicating sequence of pit
		    measurements throughout the winter

File Size

Scan files range from 1 to 43 KB, snow pit files are 8 to 17 KB, graphs are 5 KB, and the meteorology/soil files range from 1.6 to 3.7 MB.

Spatial Coverage

Measurements were taken at the LSOS at Fraser, Colorado, US. This is a 100 m x 100 m study site located within the Fraser ISA, near the Fraser Experimental Forest Headquarters Facility.

Spatial Coverage Map

The following map provides an overview of the observation site, and is included in the data set. This map contains the location of all scan fields observed with the radiometer, the snowpit areas, and the locations of the met station, the precipitation gauge, and the soil sensors.

Figure 1. Overview of the observation site.

Temporal Coverage

Radiometer Data

Radiometer data were collected on the following dates, with 0.2 sec integration times:

Pre-IOP1:
19-21 January 2002: fraser03

Pre-IOP3:
10-13 December 2002: fraser07, fraser09

IOP3:
18 February 2003: fraser07, fraser09
19 February 2003: fraser07, fraser09, fraser10
20 February 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10
21 February 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10
22 February 2003: fraser07, fraser09, frzr09b9, fraser10
23 February 2003: fraser07, fraser09, frzr09b9
24 February 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10
25 February 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10
26 February 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10

IOP4:
25 March 2003: fraser07, frzr09b9, fraser10

Meteorological Data

Meteorological data were collected between 1 October 2002 and 29 March 2003, with an average resolution of 10 min.

Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture Data

Soil temperature and soil moisture data were collected as follows (see Figure 1 for the location of the both soil sensors):

Soil Temperature Location 1: 8 October 2002 - 29 March 2003
Soil Moisture Location 1: 8 October 2002 - 29 March 2003
Soil Temperature Location 2: 15 October 2002 - 29 March 2003
Soil Moisture Location 2: 5 October 2002 - 29 March 2003

Snow Pit Data

Snow pit data were collected between 13 November and 15 December 2002, and between 4 January and 11 March 2003.

Parameter or Variable

Parameters presented in this data set are brightness temperatures (Kelvin), snow parameters, and meteorological parameters. Snow pit parameters include snow density, snow temperature, snow stratigraphy, and snow grain size. Meteorological parameters include maximum wind speed (m/s), average wind speed (m/s), wind direction (degrees), air temperature (degrees Celsius), relative humidity (%), downward longwave radiation (W/m²), downward shortwave radiation (W/m²), and precipitation (mm).

File Header Descriptions

Raw Data (comma-delimited ASCII):
These files contain all samples that were observed during the execution of one scanfile. Note, a scan file can have more than one footprint, and one footprint comprises multiple samples.

Row 1: Header: Number of Samples - "#  Number of samples, INTEGER"
Row 2: Header: Integration Time - "# Integration time [sec], FLOAT"
Row 3: Header:
       Time of Observation. - "# Time of measurement, YYYY/MM/DD hh:mm:ss"
       YYYY = Year (4-digit)
       MM   = Month (2-digit, 01 - 12)
       DD   = Day (2-digit, 01-31)

Row 4-5: Header
Row 6 - Row: NumberOfSamples+5 (comma separated values)
Col. 1: Sample Number (first value = 0), INTEGER
Col. 2: 18,7 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 3: 18.7 GHz - h (float, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 4: 23.8 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point) 
        (This channel was not in service after 20 January 2002)
Col. 5: 36.5 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 6: 36.5 GHz - h (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 7: 89.0 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 8: 89.0 GHz - h (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)

Processed Data (tab-delimited ASCII):
These data files contain an average of all samples that belong to one footprint. In addition, the following polarization differences and spectral gradients were calculated: 18V-18H, 36V-36H, 89V-89H, 18H-36H.

Row 1 - Row 6: Header - Comments
Row 7: Header - Input File Name  "#   Reading File:   STRING"
Row 8: Header - Output File Name  "#  Result File:   STRING"
Row 9: Header - 
   Space-delimited list of sample numbers that are averaged into one value. 
   These sample numbers correspond to one footprint of a scan file.
   "# Sample Numbers:   0-49 50-99 100-149 150-199 200-249"
   This means the first entry represents the average of sample 0-49.
Row 10 - Row 12: Header
Row 13 - Row 12+NumberOfSampleRanges: (tab-delimited values)
Col. 1: Average (Footprint) Number (first value = 0),INTEGER
Col. 2: 18,7 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 3: 18.7 GHz - h (float, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 4: 23.8 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point) 
       (This channel was not in service after  20 January 2002)
Col. 5: 36.5 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 6: 36.5 GHz - h (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 7: 89.0 GHz - v (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 8: 89.0 GHz - h (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col. 9: 18.7V - 18.7H (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col.10: 36.5V - 36.5H (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col.11: 89.0V - 89.0H (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col.12: 18.7H - 36.5H (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col.13: QC (INTEGER, 3 digits) 
		100 = Data are OK
		101 = Interference at 18.7 GHz
		102 = Interference at 36.5 GHz
		103 = Interference at 89.0 GHz
		104 = Sensor at 18.7 GHz broke
		105 = Sensor at 36.5 GHz broke
		106 = Sensor at 89.0 GHz broke

Meteorological Data:

Row 1 - 2: Header
Row 3 - ..: Data, 1 row per 10 min.
Col. 1: Date - YYYY/MM/HH
Col. 2: Time - hh:mm (24 hour format, MST)
Col. 3: Maximum Windspeed
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 4: Average Windspeed [m/s]
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 5: Wind Direction [0..360 deg]
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 6: Air Temperature
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 7: relative Humidity
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 8: Shortwave Downward Radiation [W/m2]
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 9: Longwave Downward Radiation [W/m2]
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point) 
Col.10: Precipitation [mm], (FLOAT, 3 digits after decimal point)
Col.11: Quality Flag (this column is empty, if no changes were made):
        TA100: Problems with temperature sensor 
        (All values before 3 Feb 2003 are flagged, because the recorded
        temperatures seemed too low. The relative pattern seems to be OK.)

Soil Temperature and Moisture Data:
Location 1: The probes were installed close to fraser07 (azimuth=180 degrees), 2 m behind the footprint).
Location 2: The probes were installed close to fraser09 and frzr09b9 (right side of the footprint).

Row 1 - 2: Header
Row 3 - ..: Data, 1 row per 10 min
Col. 1: Date - YYYY/MM/HH
Col. 2: Time - hh:mm (24 hour format)  
Col. 3: Soil Temperature - Location 1 - Surface  
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 4: Soil Temperature - Location 1 -  1.5 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)  
Col. 5: Soil Temperature - Location 1 -  5.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 6: Soil Temperature - Location 1 - 10.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 7: Soil Temperature - Location 1 - 20.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 8: Soil Temperature - Location 2 - Surface
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col. 9: Soil Temperature - Location 2 -  3.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.10: Soil Temperature - Location 2 -  5.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.11: Soil Temperature - Location 2 - 10.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.12: Soil Temperature - Location 2 - 20.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.13: Soil Moisture - Location 1 -  1.5 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.14: Soil Moisture - Location 1 - 10.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.15: Soil Moisture - Location 1 - 20.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.16: Soil Moisture - Location 2 -  3.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.17: Soil Moisture - Location 2 - 10.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.18: Soil Moisture - Location 2 - 20.0 cm
        (FLOAT, 2 digits after decimal point)
Col.19: Flag:
        For each replaced value ('6999'), a flag is set. 
        Flags are separated by '/'.
        If nothing was changed, this column is empty.
        Format of Flag:
        'SensorTyp'_'Location'-'SensorNumber'#'ErrorNr.
        SensorTyp = 'M' (SoilMoisture) or 'T' (SoilTemperature)
	  Location = 'L1' (location 1) or 'L2' (location2)
        SensorNumber = '1' to '5' (for T) or '1' to '3' (for M)
        ErrorNr = 101 (SM lower then 5%) or 102 (SM higher then 50%)
        ErrorNr = 201 (Temperature values of L1_3, L1_4 and L1_5 after
                       2002/10/13 removed because of malfunction of sensors)

Snow Pit Summary, Density, Temperature, and Stratigraphy Data
The snow pit summary, density profile, temperature profile, and stratigraphy files are described in the CLPX Snow Pit Measurements document.

3. Data Access

Data Access

Data are available via FTP at ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/CLP/data/ground_data/nsidc0165_lsos_gbmr7/

Related Data Collections

All CLPX Data Sets

Quality Assessment

The following files were influenced by interference. They have been identified because unusual peaks in the data were observed during the measurement. Other investigators were working in the study area at the same time, operating active and passive microwave instruments. Discussions with these investigators about their measurements at these times confirm the interference.

 Observed Interference at 18.7 GHz: 
______________________________
fraser10:
 Feb. 19 2003 - 15:15 (02191515.*)
 Feb. 19 2003 - 15:23 (02191523.*)
 Mar. 25 2003 - 10:56 (03251056.*)

frzr09b9:
 Feb. 21 2003 - 12:54 (02211254.*)

fraser07:
 Feb. 21 2003 - 13:03 (02211303.*)
 Mar. 25 2003 - 10:40 (03251040.*)

Observed Interference at 89 GHz: 
___________________________
fraser07:
 Feb. 23 2003 - 10:00 (02231000.*)

The air temperature sensor was not working correctly until 3 Feb 2003. The observed temperature values are too low, and often no value was recorded. As a counter-measure, the metal cover of the temperature sensor was replaced with a plastic cover. After 3 Feb the data seem to be better, but some of the values are still suspiciously low.

4. Data Acquisition

Scan Data:

Radiometer Specifications:

Frequencies: 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89.0 GHz
Measurement Range: 0 K to 350 K
Absolute Accuracy: 0.5 K, 0.4 K (RMS) over 10 minutes/ea
Resolution: 0.3 K min
Antenna Beam Width: 10 deg. (FWHM)
Antenna Sequent: 0.1 deg. max
Beam Efficiency: 98% min
Cross Polarization: 0.1% max
Sidelobe level: -40 dBi max
Polarization: V & H (23.8 GHz only V)
Positioner: Azimuth (360 deg), Elevation (90 deg), fully motorized
IF Bandwidth: 200 MHz

For further information on calibration, see:
Kazama, S, T. Rose, and R. Zimmerman.1999. "A Precision Autocalibrating 7ch Radiometer for Environmental Research Applications" Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 37-45.

The radiometer was set up as in the following photo:

Figure 2. Radiometer setup.

Scan Files:

The GBMR-7 is controlled by an ASCII "scan file" that defines operational parameters for a given measurment session. Controllable features include antenna elevation, azimuth, dwell time, number of samples and channels to record. Five scan files were used during the CLPX experiments, for scan definitions named fraser03, fraser07, fraser09, fraser10 and frzr09b9 (see Figure 1).

Position: Azimuth (Az.) = 0 and Elevation (El.) = -87 represents the "home" position of the sensor; the sensor is looking at the lift table. In some scan files, the measurement finished with a short observation of sky brightness temperature (Az = 180 deg, El = 55 deg).

fraser03:

Footp.-#|    Az.  |   El.   | # Samples | Integration. Time 
--------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------------
 1.     | 210 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 2.     | 200 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s 
 3.     | 190 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 4.     | 180 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 5.     | 170 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 6.     | 160 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 7.     | 150 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 8.     | 140 deg | -35 deg |    101    |   0.2 s


fraser07:
---------

Footp.-#|    Az.  |   El.   | # Samples | Integration. Time 
--------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------------
 1.     | 190 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 2.     | 185 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 3.     | 180 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 4.     | 175 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 5.     | 170 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 6.     | 180 deg |  55 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 7.     |   0 deg | -87 deg |      5    |   0.2 s


fraser09:
----------

Footp.-#|    Az.  |   El.   | # Samples | Integration. Time 
--------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------------
 1.     | 290 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 2.     | 285 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 3.     | 280 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 4.     | 275 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 5.     | 270 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 6.     | 180 deg |  55 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 7.     |   0 deg | -87 deg |      5    |   0.2 s

 
frzr09b9:
---------

Footp.-#|    Az.  |   El.   | # Samples | Integration. Time 
--------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------------
 1.     | 290.0 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 2.     | 287.5 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s 
 3.     | 285.0 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 4.     | 282.5 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 5.     | 280.0 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 6.     | 277.5 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 7.     | 275.0 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 8.     | 272.5 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 9.     | 270.0 d | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
10.     | 180.0 d |  55 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
11.     |   0.0 d | -87 deg |      5    |   0.2 s


fraser10:
---------

Footp.-#|    Az.  |   El.   | # Samples | Integration. Time 
--------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------------
 1.     | 180 deg | -20 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 2.     | 180 deg | -25 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 3.     | 180 deg | -30 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 4.     | 180 deg | -35 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 5.     | 180 deg | -40 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 6.     | 180 deg | -45 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 7.     | 180 deg | -50 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 8.     | 180 deg | -55 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
 9.     | 180 deg | -60 deg |     50    |   0.2 s
10.     |   0 deg | -87 deg |      5    |   0.2 s

Fraser09/frzr09b9: Snow Depth:
At these two scan file targets, the snow was removed several times during the winter (photos were taken of this procedure, and are included here and in the data set).

Dec. 13, 2002:
Scan of the complete snow cover.
Around 20 cm of snow was removed (depth in cm)

  26      27       35
   +-------+-------+
   |               |
   |               |
32 +               + 34
   |               |
   |               |
   +-------+-------+
  28      24       28

The following scan files are available:
Complete Snow Cover - Fraser09: 12130607.dat, 12130622.dat
Partial Removal - Fraser09: 12130706.dat, 12130736.dat

Dec. 13, 2002: Beginning of partial removal

Dec. 13, 2002: Partial Removal complete

Dec. 14, 2002: next day, scene recovered with snow

Afterwards the snow was removed completely; unfortunately the radiometer positioner was damaged and no additional scans were executed.

Feb. 21, 2003:
The snow was removed in 4 steps, in the following order:

+-------+-------+
|       |       |
|   2   |   3   |
+-------+-------+
|       |       |
|   1   |   4   |
+-------+-------+

After one sector was removed, the scanfiles frzr09b9 and fraser07 were executed:

a) Complete Snow Cover - frzr09b9: 02211040, 02211108
b) Sector 1 removed - frzr09b9: 02211137, 02211156
c) Sector 2 removed: - frzr09b9: 02211213, 02211220
d) Sector 3 removed - frzr09b9: 02211244, 02211254
e) Sector 4 removed - frzr09b9: 02211133

Feb. 22, 2003: First sector removed

Feb. 22, 2003: Second sector removed

Feb. 22, 2003: Third sector removed

Feb. 22, 2003: Last sector removed

The layout of the measurement site for IOP3 and IOP4, in relation to other LSOS measurements, is shown in the following figure:

Figure 3. Layout of the measurement site for IOP3 and IOP4.

Meteorological Data:

Meteorological data were collected between 1 Oct 2002 and 29 Mar 2003, with a temporal resolution of 10 min (average).

Instrumentation:

Data Logger: Campbell Scientific, CR23X
Data Logger Support Software: Campbell Scientific, PC208W
Humidity & Temperature Probe: Vaisala, HMP45A & HMP45D
Windspeed & Wind Direction: Young, Model 05103
Pyrometer - Longwave Downward Radiation: EKO, MS-202F
Pyrometer - Shortwave Downward Radiation: EKO, MS-802F

Note: The air temperature sensor was not working correctly until 3 Feb 2003. The observed temperature values are too low, and often no value was recorded. As a counter-measure, the metal cover of the temperature sensor was replaced with a plastic cover. After 3 Feb the data seem to be better, but some of the values are still suspiciously low.

Soil Temperature & Soil Moisture Data:

Instrumentation:

Soil Moisture: IMKO, TRIME-IT
Soil Temperature: Platinum Type Temperature Sensor (self made)

Five soil temperature [deg. Celsius] and three soil moisture [%] sensors were installed at each of two different locations. Soil temperature depths were: surface, 1.5 cm, 5.0 cm, 10.0 cm, and 20.0 cm. Soil moisture was measured at 1.5 cm, 5.0 cm, 10.0 cm, and 20.0 cm.

Snowpits:

Several snowpits were surveyed throughout the winter. The data are quality controlled and follow the same format as the standard snowpit data (CLPX Snow Pit Measurements).

The snowpits are available for the following days:

2002: 3, 27 Nov, 11-15 Dec
2003: 4, 22 Jan, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 21, 25 Feb, 11 Mar

Four different snow pit locations were selected. GPS location was recorded for each individual pit, but because of GPS inaccuracy, the location of the snow pits shown in the file site-overview.jpg is more accurate than the GPS data.

5. References and Related Publications

Kazama, S, T. Rose, and R. Zimmerman.1999. "A Precision Autocalibrating 7ch Radiometer for Environmental Research Applications" Journal of The Remote Sensing Society of Japan, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 37-45.

6. Document Information

List of Acronyms

CLPX = NASA Cold Land Processes Field Experiment
FMCW = Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar
FWHM = Full Width at Half Minimum GBMR = Ground-Based Microwave rRdiometer IOP = Intensive Observation Period
ISA = Intensive Study Area
LRSA = Large Regional Study Area
LSOS = Local Scale Observation Site
MSA = Meso-cell Study Area
RMS = Root-mean Square
T_B = Brightness Temperature

Document Creation Date

6 October 2003

Document Revision Date

19 July 2004

Service Interruption