Table of Contents

1. Contacts and Acknowledgments
2. Detailed Data Description
3. Data Access and Tools
4. Data Acquisition and Processing
5. References and Related Publications
6. Document Information

Citing These Data

The following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication.

Krabill, William B. 2010, updated current year. IceBridge ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength, [list dates of data used]. Boulder, Colorado USA: NASA Distributed Active Archive Center at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. http://nsidc.org/data/ilatm1b.html.

Overview

Platform	NASA DC-8 and P-3B
Sensor	Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM)
Spatial Coverage	Antarctica, Greenland, and Arctic/Antarctic oceans
Spatial Resolution	Typically 400 meters wide with 1 meter sampling
Temporal Coverage	31 March 2009 to the present
Temporal Resolution	Seasonal
Parameters	Elevation Measurements Surface Return Amplitude Relative Un-calibrated Values
Data Format	qfit 32 bit binary files
Metadata Access	View Metadata Record
Data Access	FTP

1. Contacts and Acknowledgments

Investigator(s) Name and Title

William Krabill
NASA/Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)
Code 614.1
Hydrospheric & Biospheric Sciences Laboratory
Wallops Island, VA 23337

Technical Contact

NSIDC User Services
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309-0449  USA
phone: +1 303.492.6199
fax: +1 303.492.2468
form: Contact NSIDC User Services
e-mail: nsidc@nsidc.org

Acknowledgements

The ATM project team would like to acknowledge the dedicated NASA P3 and DC8 flight crews, whose efforts allowed the safe and efficient collection of this data over some of the most isolated and extreme regions on this planet.

2. Detailed Data Description

Format

The fundamental form of the ATM topography data is a sequence of laser footprint locations acquired in a swath along the aircraft flight track. The data are stored in qfit output files organized as 32 bit, 4 byte, binary integer words scaled to retain the precision of the measurements. Surveys from 2009 and Spring 2010 are in big-endian format. Starting with the 2010 Antarctica campaign, the format of the qfit data files have been changed to little-endian binary. In the past, the .qi files were output in big-endian byte order. The qfit files are now in little-endian byte order. The format of the file content has not changed; only the 'endianness' of the files has changed. The beginning of each file contains a header of one or more records followed by a data segment in which there is one record per laser shot.

Note: For sub-sampled ATM data, see the IceBridge ATM L2 Icessn Elevation, Slope, and Roughness data set.

File Naming Convention

File Size

Elevation measurement files are approximately 55 MB each.

Volume

The entire data set is approximately 502 GB.

Spatial Coverage

Spatial coverage for the IceBridge ATM campaigns includes the Arctic, Greenland, Antarctica, and surrounding ocean areas. In effect, this represents the coverage noted below.

Arctic / Greenland:
Southernmost Latitude 60° N
Northernmost Latitude: 90° N
Westernmost Longitude: 180° W
Easternmost Longitude: 180° E

Antarctic:
Southernmost Latitude: 90° S
Northernmost Latitude: 53° S
Westernmost Longitude: 180° W
Easternmost Longitude: 180° E

Spatial Resolution

The ATM qfit surface elevation measurements have been acquired from a conically scanning LIDAR system. Coupled with the motion of the aircraft in flight, the resulting array of laser spot measurements is a tight spiral of elevation points. The surface elevation measurements generally consist of a pattern of overlapping roughly elliptical patterns on the surveyed surface, forming a swath of measurements along the path of the aircraft. Resolution varies with the altitude flown and the scanner configuration for the LIDAR. At a typical altitude of 500 m above ground level, a laser pulse rate of 5 kHz, and a scan width of 22.5 degrees off-nadir, the average point density is one laser shot per 10 m² within the swath.

Projection and Grid Description

Data are given in geographic latitude and longitude coordinates. Data coordinates are referenced to the WGS84 ellipsoid. Reference frame is prescribed by the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) convention in use at the time of the surveys. For more on the reference frame, see the ITRF 2008 specification Web site.

Temporal Coverage

These data were collected as part of Operation IceBridge funded campaigns beginning 31 March 2009 to the present.

Temporal Resolution

IceBridge campaigns are conducted on an annual repeating basis. Arctic and Greenland campaigns are conducted during March, April, and May, and Antarctic campaigns are conducted during October and November.

The sampling frequency for the Airborne Topographic Mapper is 5 kHz.

Parameter or Variable

The ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength data set includes glacier, ice sheet, and sea ice elevation measurements, and relative transmitted and return reflectance.

The ATM qfit times are rounded to 0.001 seconds. The ATM instrument operates at a sampling rate of 5 kHz. When rounding to 0.001 seconds, five points will appear with the same time stamp.

Parameter Description

Sample Data Record

3. Data Access and Tools

Data Access

Data are available via FTP.

Software and Tools

The elevation measurement files contain qfit binary data. The qfit format was developed for use at Wallops Flight Facility (WFF). NSIDC provides a C qfit data reader that reads a binary qfit file and outputs a text file, an IDL qfit data reader that reads qfit data into an IDL array, and a MATLAB reader that reads qfit data files. LAStools can read and write NASA ATM qfit format.

4. Data Acquisition and Processing

A laser altimeter measures range from the instrument to a target by measuring the elapsed time between emission of a laser pulse and detection of laser energy reflected by the target surface. Range to the target is calculated as half the elapsed emission/return time multiplied by the speed of light. Target range is converted to geographic position by integration with platform GPS and attitude or Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information.

Data Acquisition Methods

The ATM instrument package includes suites of LIDAR, GPS and attitude measurement subsystems. The instrument package is installed onboard the aircraft platform and calibrated during ground testing procedures. Installation mounting offsets, the distances between GPS and attitude sensors and the ATM LIDARs, are measured using surveying equipment. One or more ground survey targets, usually aircraft parking ramps, are selected and surveyed on the ground using differential GPS techniques. Prior to missions, one or more GPS ground stations are established by acquiring low rate GPS data over long time spans. Approximately one hour prior to missions both the GPS ground station and aircraft systems begin data acquisition. During the aircraft flight, the ATM instrument suite acquires LIDAR, GPS and attitude sensor data over selected targets, including several passes at differing altitudes over the selected ground survey calibration sites. The aircraft and ground systems continue to acquire data one hour post-mission. Instrument parameters estimated from the surveys of calibration sites are used for post-flight calculation of laser footprint locations. These parameters are later refined using inter-comparison and analysis of ATM data where flight lines cross or overlap.

Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

Each ATM surface elevation measurement corresponds to one laser pulse. The measurements have not been re-sampled. The transmitted laser pulse and the received backscatter pulse from the ground surface are photodetected and captured by a waveform digitizer. Post-flight processing of the waveforms yields the time of flight between transmitted and received signals. This time of flight value is converted to a distance compensated for speed of light through atmosphere. GPS data is processed post-flight to yield the position of the aircraft at 0.5 second intervals. The scan azimuth of the LIDAR scanner mirror together with the aircraft attitude determine the pointing angle of the LIDAR. Aircraft position, pointing angle of the LIDAR, and range measured by the LIDAR are used to compute position of laser footprint on the ground.

Processing Steps

The processing program, qfit, combines airborne laser ranging data and aircraft attitude from the Inertial Navigation System (INS) with positioning information from a processed kinematic differential Global Positioning System (GPS) trajectory.

The following processing steps are performed by the data provider.

1. Preliminary processing of ATM LIDAR data through the cvalid program, applying calibration factors to convert time of flight to range, scan pointing angles, and interpolate attitude to each LIDAR measurement.
2. Processing of GPS data into aircraft trajectory files using double-differenced dual-frequency carrier phase-tracking.
3. Determination of all biases and offsets: heading, pitch, roll, ATM-GPS [x,y,z] offset, scanner angles, range bias.
4. Processing of the LIDAR and GPS data with all biases and offsets through the qfit program, resulting in output files containing a surface elevation (ellipsoid height) and a geographic location in latitude and east longitude, with ancillary parameters noted in Table 3.

Error Sources

During collection of IceBridge ATM Greenland data on 12 and 13 April 2010, hydraulic oil progressively leaked from the forward landing gear on the DC8 aircraft. The oil was blown back along the bottom of the fuselage and across the nadir window through which the ATM was transmitting and receiving the laser signal. The ATM signal was attenuated, and data in part of the scan is missing as a result. The problem developed during the flight and worsened through time. The ATM still acquired more than half of the shots throughout the scan. The net effect of this problem is to decrease the number of shot returns logged, the same as if the laser power was reduced. To the user this will appear as a reduced point density on the ground. This issue will not affect the accuracy of the data. In the Antarctic 2010 campaign, fuel leakage degraded the signal in a similar fashion.

The April 28, 2012 flight traversed the notoriously turbulent regions of Greenland's southeast glaciers. During the flight, two planned glaciers were skipped due to concern about expected severe turbulence. The survey data spans roughly 11:15 to 18:20 UTC. On the approach to Ikerssuaq glacier at 16:56:19.5 (GPST=60994.5 secs), both the ATM T3 and T4 instruments quit recording data within 0.1 second of each other. T3 resumed at 16:57:05.3 whereas T4 did not resume for the rest of that day's flight. Following this event, the flight followed the Ikerssuaq flow line, then traversed straight west across the icesheet back to the Kangerlussuaq airport. The data gap spans 46 seconds, from the fjord up to about 500 m elevation on the Ikerssuaq glacier. The T4 data quit during the creation of the file 20120428_165532.ATM4BT4.F1.qi. The T4 data is being supplemented by the these narrow swath files of T3 data from the latter part of the survey:

20120428_165449.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_170030.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_170524.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_171019.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_171514.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_172008.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_172503.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_172957.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_173452.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_173947.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_180815.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_181219.atm4cT3.F1.qi
20120428_181619.atm4cT3.F1.qi

The above files can be found with the IceBridge ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength data in the /2012.04.28/ folder. For details on the ATM 4BT3 and 4BT4 instruments, see the Sensor Or Instrument Description section, and the IceBridge Narrow Swath ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength data set documentation.

Sensor or Instrument Description

The ATM is an airborne LIDAR instrument used by NASA for observing the Earth's topography for several scientific applications, foremost of which is the measurement of changing Arctic and Antarctic icecaps and glaciers. The ATM instrument is a scanning airborne laser that measures surface elevation of the ice by timing laser pulses transmitted from the aircraft, reflected from the ground and returning to the aircraft. This laser pulse time-of-flight information is used to derive surface elevation measurements by combining measurement of the scan pointing angle, precise GPS trajectories and aircraft attitude information. The ATM measures topography as a sequence of points conically scanned in a swath along the aircraft flight track at rates up to 5000 measurements per second.

The ATM instruments are developed and maintained at NASA's WFF in Virginia, USA. During Operation IceBridge, the ATM has been installed aboard the NASA P3-B aircraft based at WFF, or the NASA DC8 aircraft based at Dryden Air Force Base in Palmdale, California. During previous campaigns, the ATM has flown aboard other P-3 aircraft, several de Havilland Twin Otters (DHC-6), and a C-130. The ATM has been used for surveys flown in Greenland nearly every year since 1993. Other uses have included measurement of sea ice, verification of satellite radar and laser altimeters, and measurement of sea-surface elevation and ocean wave characteristics. See also Pre-IceBridge ATM L2 Icessn Elevation, Slope, and Roughness. The ATM often flies in conjunction with a variety of other instruments and has been participating in NASA's Operation IceBridge since 2009.

The ATM project normally installs and operates two lidars on the aircraft platform. From 2009 to 2010, data were provided to NSIDC only from the ATM 4B2T that collects wide scan lidar data. In 2011, a new ATM transceiver scanner assembly designated as ATM 4BT4 replaced the ATM 4BT2. The second lidar system on the aircraft, designated ATM 4CT3, was operated prior to 2011 as a backup to the ATM 4BT2 lidar instrument, or was modified to test alternate lidar system improvements. In 2011, ATM 4CT3 laser power was reduced and data were collected using the narrow swath scanner. Data from the 4CT3, provided for sea ice missions only, are found in the IceBridge Narrow Swath ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength data set.

Note: Continuous Airborne Mapping By Optical Translator (CAMBOT) images and .cam files containing aircraft position and attitude data corresponding to the ATM qfit data can be found in the IceBridge CAMBOT L1B Geolocated Images data set.

5. References and Related Publications

Related Data Collections

Related Web Sites

6. Document Information

Acronyms and Abbreviations

The acronyms used in this document are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronym	Description
ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM	Airborne Topographic Mapper
CIRES	Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science
ECS	NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Core System
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
GPS	Global Positioning System
ICESat	Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite
INS	Inertial Navigation System
ITRF	International Terrestrial Reference Frame
L1B	Level-1B
LIDAR	LIght Detection And Ranging
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NSIDC	National Snow and Ice Data Center
T2	ATM 15-degree off-nadir scanner
T3	ATM 23-degree off-nadir scanner
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
UTC	Universal Time Code
WFF	Wallops Flight Facility
WGS 84	World Geodetic System 1984

Document Creation Date

10 January 2011

Document Revision Date

06 April 2011

07 March 2011

14 July 2011

22 August 2012

Document URL

http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/icebridge/ilatm1b/index.html