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Physical and Chemical Properties from
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Note: This documentation describes aspects of the overall data collection. For information about parameters and coverages of specific data sets, please refer to individual data set overviews.
The purpose of this data collection is to preserve and distribute physical and chemical data from the Arctic Ocean that have been compiled through a cooperative international effort involving the United States, Canada, Germany, Sweden, and Russia. The original data, collected sporadically since 1950, were collected during icebreaker and conventional research vessel cruises and from ice camps using traditional wire casts, CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) casts, and CTD/rosette casts. Also included are positional data and, for some expeditions, derived measurements of oxygen, nutrients, and alkalinity.
Data were not collected under the direction of one project, nor with the original intention of distributing them together; therefore the original data files are in a variety of formats. The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) converted the data into National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) format with assistance from David Muus of UCSD/SIO. No adjustments have been made to the data values; however, data predating 1979 are not included in the reformatted data. In some instances, during translation into the NODC format high-resolution CTD data were resampled to a lower resolution using a nearest-neighbor method during translation. The original resolution is preserved in the raw data files, which are also available in most cases. All data are available for unrestricted use by the public.
Users should cite this data set and documentation where appropriate. Citations should be worded as follows:
Swift, J. compiler. 2002. Physical and chemical properties from selected expeditions in the Arctic Ocean. Edited by R. Dichtl, Y. Axford, and T. Haran. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media.
1. Contacts and Acknowledgments
2. Detailed Data Description
3. Data Access and Tools
4. Data Acquisition and Processing
5. References and Related Publications
6. Document Information
Technical Contact
Please direct inquiries regarding this data collection to NSIDC User Services:
NSIDC User Services
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309-0449 USA
phone: +1 303.492.6199
fax: +1 303.492.2468
form: Contact NSIDC User Services
e-mail: nsidc@nsidc.orgInvestigators
Data represent the work of numerous investigators. Please refer to individual data set summaries for investigator information.
Coverage and resolution
Data have been collected sporadically since 1950 at sites throughout the Arctic Ocean. Individual data set overviews describe the precise spatial and temporal coverages of each individual data set.
Parameter descriptions
Each individual data set includes some combination of the following parameters:
CTD data sets:
pressure
temperature
salinity
sigma-TBottle data sets:
temperature
salinity
sigma-T
sound speed (through the water)
oxygen
phosphate
phosphorus
silicate
nitrite
nitrate
pHData format
Data are available as ASCII files, formatted using NODC file structures. For CTD data, the high-resolution STD/CTD data (F022) format is used; for bottle data, the oceanographic station data (SD2) format is used.
Data samples
Sample CTD data
022 1cb001 Station id: 001 1 022 2cb001753243N1435955W aidjex 750514 630 01035 022 6cb00100051-165330381 00053-165430382 00054-165630386 00056-165530385 00059-165430388 1 022 6cb00100062-165830388 00063-165630387 00065-165330387 00067-165630387 00068-165630388 2 022 6cb00100072-165530388 00073-165430388 00075-165630388 00076-165230387 00079-165230388 3 022 6cb00100082-165430391 00083-165830391 00084-165830390 00086-165330388 00087-165630390 4 022 6cb00100088-165530390 00090-165330390 00091-165330391 00092-165430391 00094-165630390 5 022 6cb00100095-165630390 00097-165430390 00099-165330391 00101-165630393 00103-165530392 6 022 6cb00100104-165330393 00109-165430393 00110-165230393 00112-164930393 00115-165030394 7 022 6cb00100116-165330392 00118-165230392 00120-165430394 00123-165730394 00124-165530394 8
- Note: A detailed explanation of the STD/CTD data (F022) format is available.
Sample bottle data
19 771443421N74116W1435212850401189 3700 P 0010368621 0014 001 X X 9 9X 32 32 32 3 9 301883 9212 1891 9 9 9 01 33 10 -16253 301953 9282 1891 9 9 9 01 33 25 -16392 301983 9322 1891 9 9 9 01 33 49 -14603 310113 9442 1891 9 9 9 01 33 76 -13083 317653 8552 1891 9 9 9 491 33 101 -13723 322733 7382 1891 9 9 91061 33 151 -14993 328483 6602 1891 9 9 91561 33 202 -14893 333293 6372 1891 9 9 91691 33
- Note: A detailed explanation of the oceanographic station data (SD2) format is available.
Data access
Data are available free via ftp for unrestricted public use.
Related data sets
The following oceanographic data sets archived by the ADCC may be of additional interest:
Data sources
Data are currently available from the following cruises/projects:
CTD data:
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent Cruise AOS-94 Cruise and Helicopter Data
Beaufort Sea Cruises and Ice Stations, and
North Water Polynya Aircraft Surveys
Northern Oil and Gas Action Program (NOGAP)
Oden91 Cruise 1991
PFS Polarstern Cruise Arktis II/3
PFS Polarstern Cruise Arktis IV/3Bottle data:
Arctic Internal Wave Experiment (AIWEX)
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent Cruise AOS-94
Oden91 Cruise 1991
PFS Polarstern Cruise Arktis II/3
PFS Polarstern Cruise Arktis IV/3Sampling strategies
Bottle sampling
Bottle data are collected using individual bottles or rosettes of 12, 24 or 36 bottles each. Samples obtained from ice camps are typically collected using individual bottles mounted on a hydrographic wire at chosen intervals and closed via messengers. Bottle rosettes are designed so that, as they are lowered into the water, each bottle will close at a given depth and collect an isolated water sample at that depth. After the samples are brought to the surface, water is sub-sampled for laboratory testing.
CTD measurements
CTD probes measure real-time conductivity, temperature, and depth. A large number of seawater parameters, including salinity, density, and sound velocity, can be derived from CTD data.
Data processing
NSIDC staff developed and executed software that (1) converted raw CTD and bottle data to NODC F022 and SD2 formats, respectively, and (2) generated location maps and time coverage maps of available parameters from the NODC formatted files. David Muus (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) verified the results of these processing steps.
Derived variables
oxygen, alkalinity, nutrients
Listings of related publications are available for some data sets. Please refer to individual data set descriptions.
Glossary and Acronyms
ADCC ARCSS Data Coordination Center AIWEX Arctic Internal Wave Experiment ARCSS Arctic System Sciences ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange CTD Conductivity, Temperature, Depth ftp file transfer protocol NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NODC National Oceanographic Data Center NOGAP Northern Oil and Gas Action Plan NSF National Science Foundation NSIDC National Snow and Data Center Document creation date: Oct. 15, 2001
Most recent revision date: December 13, 2001
Document URL: http://nsidc.org/data/arctic_ocean_expeditions/documentation.html
Document curator: NSIDC writers, nsidc@nsidc.org
