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Glossary
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a hummock having a core of silty and clayey mineral soil which may show evidence of cryoturbation.
earth radiationthe total infrared radiation emitted from the earth's surface; to be carefully distinguished from effective terrestrial radiation, atmospheric radiation, and insolation.
edge wastingprocess by which warm water erodes iceberg above the waterline
effective terrestrial radiationthe difference between the outgoing infrared (longwave) terrestrial radiation of the earth's surface and the downward infrared counter-radiation from the atmosphere.
electrical conductivitythe inverse of electrical resistivity.
electrical properties of frozen groundthe dielectric constant (or relative permitivity), electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity are the major electrical properties governing the flow of electric current through frozen ground.
electricity resistivitythe property of a material that determines the electrical current flowing through a centimetre cube of the material when an electrical potential is applied to opposite faces of the cube.
electromagnetic wavean oscillation of the electric or magnetic field associated with the propagation of energy; characterized by their wavelengths and amplitude; propagate at the speed of light.
emissivitythe amount of electromagnetic energy (primarily at wavelengths longer than 1.0 micrometer) that an object emits; for example, the earth emits longwave radiation primarily in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but also in longer microwave wavelengths; the emissivity of an object varies as the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
end morainean arch-shaped ridge of moraine found near the end of a glacier.
epigenetic iceground ice developed in epigenetic permafrost, or in previously formed syngenetic permafrost.
epigenetic ice wedgean ice wedge developed in epigenetic permafrost, or in previously formed syngenetic permafrost.
epigenetic permafrostpermafrost that formed through lowering of the permafrost base in previously deposited sediment or other earth material.
equatorthe line of latitude 0°, which is equidistant from the poles, and which separates the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere.
equi-temperature metamorphismsnow metamorphism that occurs under relatively consistent temperature conditions.
equilibrium lineboundary between the accumulation area and ablation area where the mass balance is zero.
equilibrium metamorphismsnow metamorphism that occurs when there are large differences in convex and concave portions of a crystal.
equilibrium permafrostpermafrost that is in thermal equilibrium with the existing mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature and with the geothermal heat flux.
equilibrium zonezone of a glacier in which the amount of precipitation that falls is equal to the amount that melts the following summer.
equinoxeither of the two points of intersection of the sun's apparent annual path and the plane of the earth's equator; in the northern hemisphere the spring (vernal) equinox falls on or about 21 March, and the autumnal equinox on or about 22 September.
errorthe difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value; different types of errors are inherent to observations.
eskera sinuous ridge of sedimentary material (typically gravel or sand) deposited by streams that cut channels under or through the glacier ice.
evaporationthe physical process by which a liquid or solid substance is transformed to the gaseous state; the opposite of condensation; in meteorology, evaporation usually is restricted in use to the change of water from liquid to gas, while sublimation is used to the change from solid to gas as well as from gas to solid.
evaporation fogfog formed as a result of evaporation of water that is warmer than the air.
excess icethe volume of ice in the ground which exceeds the total pore volume that the ground would have under natural unfrozen conditions.
extending flowwhen glacier motion is accelerating down-slope.
extensive discontinuous permafrost(1) (North American usage) permafrost underlying 65 - 90% of the area of exposed land surface (2) (Russian usage) permafrost underlying 70 - 80% of the area of exposed land surface.
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