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<DIF xmlns="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/ http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/dif_v9.7.1.xsd">
  <Entry_ID>G02170</Entry_ID>
  <Entry_Title>Monthly Mean Precipitation Sums at Russian Arctic Stations, 1966-1990</Entry_Title>
  <Data_Set_Citation>
    <Dataset_Creator>NSIDC,  (comp.). </Dataset_Creator>
    <Dataset_Title>Monthly Mean Precipitation Sums at Russian Arctic Stations, 1966-1990</Dataset_Title>
    <Dataset_Release_Date>2006-08-29</Dataset_Release_Date>
    <Dataset_Release_Place>Boulder, Colorado USA</Dataset_Release_Place>
    <Dataset_Publisher>NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center</Dataset_Publisher>
    <Online_Resource>http://nsidc.org/data/g02170.html</Online_Resource>
    <Dataset_DOI>http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N55H7D6Q</Dataset_DOI>
  </Data_Set_Citation>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>Valery</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Vuglinsky</Last_Name>
    <Contact_Address>
      <Address>State Hydrological Institute,</Address>
      <Address>St. Petersburg, Russia</Address>
    </Contact_Address>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Technical Contact</Role>
    <First_Name>NSIDC</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
    <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
    <Phone>1 303 492-6199 x</Phone>
    <Fax>1 303  492-2468 x</Fax>
    <Contact_Address>
      <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
      <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
      <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
      <City>Boulder</City>
      <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
      <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
      <Country>USA</Country>
    </Contact_Address>
  </Personnel>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>EARTH SCIENCE</Category>
    <Topic>Atmosphere</Topic>
    <Term>Precipitation</Term>
    <Variable_Level_1>Precipitation Amount</Variable_Level_1>
  </Parameters>
  <ISO_Topic_Category>Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere</ISO_Topic_Category>
  <Keyword>Arctic</Keyword>
  <Keyword>NOAA</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Russian Arctic</Keyword>
  <Keyword>SEARCH &gt; Study of Environmental Arctic Change</Keyword>
  <Sensor_Name>
    <Short_Name>RAIN GAUGES</Short_Name>
  </Sensor_Name>
  <Source_Name>
    <Short_Name>GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS</Short_Name>
  </Source_Name>
  <Temporal_Coverage>
    <Start_Date>1966-01-01</Start_Date>
    <Stop_Date>1990-12-31</Stop_Date>
  </Temporal_Coverage>
  <Data_Set_Progress>complete</Data_Set_Progress>
  <Spatial_Coverage>
    <Southernmost_Latitude>50.17</Southernmost_Latitude>
    <Northernmost_Latitude>69.77</Northernmost_Latitude>
    <Westernmost_Longitude>38.25</Westernmost_Longitude>
    <Easternmost_Longitude>164.17</Easternmost_Longitude>
  </Spatial_Coverage>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>CONTINENT</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>EUROPE</Location_Type>
    <Location_Subregion1>EASTERN EUROPE</Location_Subregion1>
    <Location_Subregion2>RUSSIA</Location_Subregion2>
  </Location>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>GEOGRAPHIC REGION</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>ARCTIC</Location_Type>
  </Location>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>GEOGRAPHIC REGION</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>NORTHERN HEMISPHERE</Location_Type>
  </Location>
  <Data_Resolution>
    <Temporal_Resolution>1 mon</Temporal_Resolution>
  </Data_Resolution>
  <Quality>The precipitation data were transferred to NSIDC from the State Hydrological Institute in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation by V. Vuglinsky. The original precipitation data were written records, prepared by regional hydrometeorological authorities. Editors at the regional hydrometeorological authorities quality control data before publishing the data in monthly precipitation bulletins. Because the data were transcribed (keyed) at the State Hydrological Institute, the data are subject to transcription errors. NSIDC did not perform a quality assessment on the precipitation data. 

Users should note that precipitation sums for certain months are missing from some stations. Reasons for the missing sums include that certain stations had closed, there were gaps in the observations, the quality of the data was poor or a data value was lost during transmission. A file containing the missing values is available. Note that not every precipitation file was exhaustively checked. Therefore, there may be missing precipitation values that are not listed in the missing values file.

Measuring arctic precipitation accurately is difficult. Users of these data should first become familiar with error sources inherent in all arctic precipitation measurements. We strongly suggest consulting Groisman and Rankova (2001) and Groisman et al. (1991) and references contained therein, and the documentation on gridded precipitation fields in Arctic Climatology Project (2000) for an introduction to precipitation measurement issues.</Quality>
  <Data_Set_Language>English</Data_Set_Language>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>NSIDC</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>http://nsidc.org</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>Data Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>NSIDC</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
      <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
      <Phone>1 303 492-6199 </Phone>
      <Fax>1 303  492-2468 </Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
        <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
        <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>NSIDC_NOAA</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>NSIDC National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>http://nsidc.org/noaa/</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>Data Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>NSIDC NOAA</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
      <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
      <Phone>1 303 492-6199 </Phone>
      <Fax>1 303  492-2468 </Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
        <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
        <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Distribution>
    <Distribution_Media>FTP</Distribution_Media>
    <Distribution_Size>13 to 64 KB</Distribution_Size>
    <Distribution_Format>ASCII Text</Distribution_Format>
  </Distribution>
  <Reference>Arctic Climatology Project. 2000. Environmental Working Group Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas. Edited by F. Fetterer and V. Radionov. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. CD-ROM.

Groisman, P. Y. and E. Y. Rankova. 2001. Precipitation trends over the Russian permafrost-free zone: removing the artifacts of pre-processing. International Journal of Climate 21: 657-678.   Groisman, P. Y., V. V. Koknaeva, T. A. Belokrylova, and T. R. Karl. 1991. Overcoming biases of precipitation measurement: A history of the USSR experience. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society pp. 1725-1733.  Nastavlenie gidrometeorologicheskim stantsyyam i postam. Vypusk 3, chast 1. (Manual for hydrometeorological stations and posts. Iss.3, part 1). 1985. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 300 pp.</Reference>
  <Summary>This data set contains monthly mean precipitation sums from Russian arctic stations. Precipitation measurements were acquired using a Tretyakov precipitation gauge. Data have not been adjusted for wind bias. Data from 1967 and later are corrected for wetting loss (this correction was made by observers as they recorded the station data). Precipitation measurements from 216 stations are available. An analysis of existing precipitation data sets confirmed that data from these stations are not, at the time of publication, available in other commonly used precipitation data sets. Most data records begin in 1966 and end in 1990. The data are in tab-delimited ASCII format and available via FTP.</Summary>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW PROJECT HOME PAGE</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/noaa/search/precipitation_station_analysis/</URL>
    <Description>Precipitation Data Set Station Lists and Overlap Analysis</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW PROJECT HOME PAGE</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/noaa/search/precipitation_station_analysis/index.html</URL>
    <Description>Precipitation Data Set Station Lists and Overlap Analysis</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/g02164.html</URL>
    <Description>Daily precipitation sums at coastal and island Russian Arctic stations, 1940-1990</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/g02164.html</URL>
    <Description>Daily Precipitation Sums at Coastal and Island Russian Arctic Stations, 1940-1990</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/g01938.html</URL>
    <Description>Environmental Working Group Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/g02141.html</URL>
    <Description>Meteorological Data from the Russian Arctic, 1961-2000</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Metadata_Name>CEOS IDN DIF</Metadata_Name>
  <Metadata_Version>9.7</Metadata_Version>
  <DIF_Creation_Date>2006-08-29</DIF_Creation_Date>
  <Last_DIF_Revision_Date>2013-03-12</Last_DIF_Revision_Date>
  <DIF_Revision_History> Added DOI to metadata record</DIF_Revision_History>
</DIF>
