NSIDC-0079
Bootstrap Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS
Josefino Comiso
Bootstrap Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS
2000-02-01updated 2012
Boulder, Colorado USA
NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center
2
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0079.html
Technical Contact
NSIDC
User Services
nsidc@nsidc.org
1 303 492-6199 x
1 303 492-2468 x
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder
CO
80309-0449
USA
Investigator
Josephino 'Joey'
C.
Comiso
josefino.c.comiso@nasa.gov
1 301 614-5708
Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes
Cryospheric Sciences Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 614
Greenbelt
MD
20771
USA
EARTH SCIENCE
Cryosphere
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
EARTH SCIENCE
Cryosphere
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
EARTH SCIENCE
Cryosphere
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
EARTH SCIENCE
Oceans
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
EARTH SCIENCE
Oceans
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
EARTH SCIENCE
Oceans
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Concentration
Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere
Antarctic
Arctic
Bootstrap Algorithm
BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
DMSP
NIMBUS-7
Sea Ice Concentration
SMMR
SSM/I
SSMIS
Time Series
SMMR
Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer
SSM/I
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager
SSMIS
Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder
DMSP 5D-2/F11
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F11
DMSP 5D-2/F13
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F13
DMSP 5D-2/F8
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F8
DMSP 5D-3/F17
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-F17
NIMBUS-7
1978-10-26
in work
-90
-39
-180
180
30
90
-180
180
CONTINENT
ANTARCTICA
CONTINENT
NORTH AMERICA
CANADA
HUDSON BAY
GEOGRAPHIC REGION
ARCTIC
GEOGRAPHIC REGION
POLAR
OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
BARENTS SEA
OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
DAVIS STRAIGHT
OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
GULF OF ST LAWRENCE
OCEAN
INDIAN OCEAN
OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
BERING SEA
OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
SEA OF OKHOTSK
OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
BELLINGSHAUSEN SEA
OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
ROSS SEA
OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
WEDDELL SEA
25 km
25 km
1 mon
25 km
25 km
1 day
25 km
25 km
2 days
EOSDIS
Earth Observing System Data Information System
ESIP
Earth Science Information Partners Program
Although most bad data are easily identifiable and removed with little ambiguity, human judgments must be made and applied consistently to the time series data. While efforts were made to minimize errors in judgment and inconsistencies, the resulting data set is not perfect. Nevertheless, the data provider feels that these maps are suitable for some types of research studies, such as basin-scale trend analysis, model inputs, and some regional studies. They are less useful in evaluating conditions on a specific day in a localized region.
NSIDC staff visually checked the entire set of data files, including file structure, comparisons to existing SMMR- and SSM/I-derived sea ice concentration grids, and information files and examination of data quality. Please note that in this document, a large fraction of the text was supplied by the data set provider. It may include qualitative judgments and statements by the provider and does not necessarily represent endorsements or imply that independent assessments have been performed by NSIDC staff.
Limitations of the Data
Basic limitations arise from the sensor resolution, temporal coverage, and algorithm assumptions and characteristics. Users should review the information provided on fields of view, temporal sampling, and algorithm characteristics. Particular care is needed in interpreting the sea ice concentrations during summer when melt is underway and in regions where new sea ice makes up a substantial part of the sea ice cover. As noted, some residual errors remain due to sensor differences and to weather effects along with mixing of ocean and land area within the sensor field of view.
No data coverage is available for regions poleward of 81° N for SMMR and 87° N for SSM/I due to the inclination of the orbits. SMMR data were acquired every other day, while SSM/I data are acquired daily.
English
NSIDC_DAAC
NSIDC_DAAC
NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center
http://nsidc.org/daac/index.html
Data Center Contact
NSIDC
User Services
nsidc@nsidc.org
1 303 492-6199
1 303 492-2468
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder
CO
80309-0449
USA
NSIDC
National Snow and Ice Data Center
http://nsidc.org
Data Center Contact
NSIDC
User Services
nsidc@nsidc.org
1 303 492-6199
1 303 492-2468
National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
Boulder
CO
80309-0449
USA
FTP
205 KB
Binary
FTP
266 KB
Binary
Cho, K., N. Sasaki, H. Shimoda, T. Sakata, and F. Nishio. 1996. Evaluation and Improvement of SSM/I Sea Ice Concentration Algorithms for the Sea of Okhotsk. Journal Remote Sensing of Japan 16(2):47-58.
Comiso, J. C., and F. Nishio. 2008. Trends in the Sea Ice Cover Using Enhanced and Compatible AMSR-E, SSM/I, and SMMR Data. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, C02S07, doi:10.1029/2007JC0043257.
Comiso, J. C., D. Cavalieri, C. Parkinson, and P. Gloersen. 1997. Passive Microwave Algorithms for Sea Ice Concentrations: A Comparison of Two Techniques. Remote Sensing of the Environment 60(3):357-84. Comiso, J. C., and R. Kwok. 1996. The Summer Arctic Sea Ice Cover from Satelli Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(C2):28,397-416.
Comiso, J. C. 1995. SSM/I Concentrations Using the Bootstrap Algorithm. NASA Reference Publication 1380. 40 pages.
Comiso, J. C, T. C. Grenfell, M. Lange, A. Lohanick, R. Moore, and P. Wadhams. 1992. Microwave Remote Sensing of the Southern Ocean Ice Cover. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, ed. Frank Carsey. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 243-59.
Comiso, J. C. and C. W. Sullivan. 1986. Satellite Microwave and In-Situ Observations of the Weddell Sea ice Cover and its Marginal Ice Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 91(C8):9,663-81.
Comiso, J. C. 1984. Characteristics of Winter Sea Ice from Satellite Multispectral Microwave Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 91(C1):975-94.
Comiso, J. C., S. F. Ackley, and A. L. Gordon. 1984. Antarctic Sea Ice Microwave Signature and Their Correlation with In-Situ Ice Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 89(C1):662-72.
Gloersen P., W. Campbell, D. Cavalieri, J. Comiso, C. Parkinson, H. J. Zwally. 1992. Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice, 1978-1987: Satellite Passive Microwave Observations and Analysis. NASA Special Publication 511.
Maslanik, J. A. 1992. Effects of Weather on the Retrieval of Sea Ice Concentration and Ice Type from Passive Microwave Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 13(1):37-54.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. 1992. DMSP SSM/I Brightness Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration Grids for the Polar Regions on CD-ROM - User's Guide. NSIDC Special Report - 1. 222 pp.
Parkinson, C. L., D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, H. J. Zwally, and J. C. Comiso, 1999. Arctic Sea Ice Extents, Areas, and Trends, 1978-1996. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(C9), 20,837-20,856.
Parkinson, C. L., J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, and W. J. Campbell. 1987. Arctic Sea Ice 1973-1976 from Satellite Passive Microwave Observations. NASA Special Publication 489.
Pearson, F. 1990. Map Projections: Theory and Applications. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. 372 pages.
Snyder, J. P. 1987. Map Projections - A Working Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office. 383 pages.
Snyder, J. P. 1982. Map Projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1532.
Zwally, H. J., J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, W. J. Campbell, F. D. Carsey, and P. Gloersen. 1983. Antarctic Sea Ice 1973-1976 from Satellite Passive Microwave Observations. NASA Special Publication 459.
This sea ice concentration data set was derived using measurements from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Nimbus-7 satellite and from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) sensors on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's (DMSP) -F8, -F11, and -F13 satellites. Measurements from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard DMSP-F17 are also included. The data set has been generated using the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Bootstrap Algorithm with daily varying tie-points. Daily (every other day prior to July 1987) and monthly data are available for both the north and south polar regions. Data are gridded on the SSM/I polar stereographic grid (25 x 25 km) and provided in two-byte integer format. Data are available via FTP.
Important: The most recent revision (Version 2, released September 2007) has tie-points adjusted to be consistent with the AMSR-E Bootstrap algorithm. This involved a complete reprocessing of the entire SMMR-SSM/I time series. Because Version 2 is inter-calibrated with AMSR-E, it is NOT consistent or compatible with the original version of this data set (Version 1). Users should acquire the entire Version 2 data set in order to update their time series.
VIEW PROJECT HOME PAGE
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0002.html
DMSP SSM/I Daily and Monthly Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations
VIEW PROJECT HOME PAGE
http://nsidc.org/data/seaice/
Sea Ice Data at NSIDC
VIEW PROJECT HOME PAGE
http://polynya.gsfc.nasa.gov/seaice_datasets.html
Sea Ice Remote Sensing (GSFC)
VIEW RELATED INFORMATION
http://nsidc.org/data/atlas/
Atlas of the Cryosphere
VIEW RELATED INFORMATION
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0001.html
DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded Brightness Temperatures
VIEW RELATED INFORMATION
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0051.html
Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I Passive Microwave Data
VIEW RELATED INFORMATION
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0192.html
Sea Ice Trends and Climatologies from SMMR and SSM/I
USA/NASA
CEOS IDN DIF
9.7
2000-02-01
2012-09-26
removed map viewer URL.