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  <Entry_ID>G02131</Entry_ID>
  <Entry_Title>Reconstructed North American, Eurasian, and Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Extent, 1915-1997</Entry_Title>
  <Data_Set_Citation>
    <Dataset_Creator>Brown, R. D. </Dataset_Creator>
    <Dataset_Title>Reconstructed North American, Eurasian, and Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Extent, 1915-1997</Dataset_Title>
    <Dataset_Release_Date>2002-01-01</Dataset_Release_Date>
    <Dataset_Release_Place>Boulder, Colorado USA</Dataset_Release_Place>
    <Dataset_Publisher>NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center</Dataset_Publisher>
    <Online_Resource>http://nsidc.org/data/g02131.html</Online_Resource>
    <Dataset_DOI>http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N5V985Z6</Dataset_DOI>
  </Data_Set_Citation>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Technical Contact</Role>
    <First_Name>NSIDC</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
    <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
    <Phone>1 303 492-6199 x</Phone>
    <Fax>1 303  492-2468 x</Fax>
    <Contact_Address>
      <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
      <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
      <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
      <City>Boulder</City>
      <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
      <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
      <Country>USA</Country>
    </Contact_Address>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>Ross</First_Name>
    <Middle_Name>D.</Middle_Name>
    <Last_Name>Brown</Last_Name>
    <Email>ross.brown@ec.gc.ca</Email>
    <Phone>1 514 282-6464 x335</Phone>
    <Fax>1   514-282-713 </Fax>
    <Contact_Address>
      <Address>Environment Canada @ Ouranos</Address>
      <Address>550 Sherbrooke St. West, 19th Floor</Address>
      <City>Montréal</City>
      <Province_or_State>QC</Province_or_State>
      <Postal_Code>H3A 1B9</Postal_Code>
      <Country>Canada</Country>
    </Contact_Address>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>Ross</First_Name>
    <Middle_Name>D.</Middle_Name>
    <Last_Name>Brown</Last_Name>
    <Email>ross.brown@ec.gc.ca</Email>
    <Phone>1 514 282-6464 x335</Phone>
    <Fax>1   514-282-713 </Fax>
    <Contact_Address>
      <Address>Environment Canada @ Ouranos</Address>
      <Address>550 Sherbrooke St. West, 19th Floor</Address>
      <City>Montréal</City>
      <Province_or_State>QC</Province_or_State>
      <Postal_Code>H3A 1B9</Postal_Code>
      <Country>Canada</Country>
    </Contact_Address>
  </Personnel>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>EARTH SCIENCE</Category>
    <Topic>Cryosphere</Topic>
    <Term>Snow/Ice</Term>
    <Variable_Level_1>Snow Cover</Variable_Level_1>
    <Detailed_Variable>Snow Extent</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>EARTH SCIENCE</Category>
    <Topic>Terrestrial Hydrosphere</Topic>
    <Term>Snow/Ice</Term>
    <Variable_Level_1>Snow Cover</Variable_Level_1>
    <Detailed_Variable>Snow Extent</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <ISO_Topic_Category>Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere</ISO_Topic_Category>
  <Keyword>areally-weighted mean snow depth</Keyword>
  <Keyword>HDCD</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Historical Daily Climate Dataset</Keyword>
  <Keyword>linear regression analysis</Keyword>
  <Keyword>mean snow depth</Keyword>
  <Keyword>North American mid-latitudes</Keyword>
  <Keyword>reconstructed</Keyword>
  <Keyword>SCE</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Snow</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Snow Cover</Keyword>
  <Keyword>snow cover extent</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Snow Depth</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Snow Extent</Keyword>
  <Keyword>Snow Water Equivalent</Keyword>
  <Keyword>SWE</Keyword>
  <Sensor_Name>
    <Short_Name>AVHRR</Short_Name>
    <Long_Name>Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer</Long_Name>
  </Sensor_Name>
  <Sensor_Name>
    <Short_Name>VHRR</Short_Name>
    <Long_Name>Very High Resolution Radiometer</Long_Name>
  </Sensor_Name>
  <Source_Name>
    <Short_Name>GROUND STATIONS</Short_Name>
  </Source_Name>
  <Source_Name>
    <Short_Name>NOAA-4</Short_Name>
    <Long_Name>National Oceanic &amp; Atmospheric Administration-4</Long_Name>
  </Source_Name>
  <Source_Name>
    <Short_Name>NOAA POES</Short_Name>
    <Long_Name>NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites</Long_Name>
  </Source_Name>
  <Source_Name>
    <Short_Name>SATELLITES</Short_Name>
  </Source_Name>
  <Temporal_Coverage>
    <Start_Date>1915-01-01</Start_Date>
    <Stop_Date>1997-12-31</Stop_Date>
  </Temporal_Coverage>
  <Data_Set_Progress>complete</Data_Set_Progress>
  <Spatial_Coverage>
    <Southernmost_Latitude>0</Southernmost_Latitude>
    <Northernmost_Latitude>90</Northernmost_Latitude>
    <Westernmost_Longitude>-180</Westernmost_Longitude>
    <Easternmost_Longitude>180</Easternmost_Longitude>
  </Spatial_Coverage>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>CONTINENT</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>NORTH AMERICA</Location_Type>
  </Location>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>GEOGRAPHIC REGION</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>EURASIA</Location_Type>
  </Location>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>GEOGRAPHIC REGION</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>NORTHERN HEMISPHERE</Location_Type>
  </Location>
  <Data_Set_Language>English</Data_Set_Language>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>NSIDC</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>http://nsidc.org</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>Data Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>NSIDC</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
      <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
      <Phone>1 303 492-6199 </Phone>
      <Fax>1 303  492-2468 </Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
        <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
        <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>NSIDC_NOAA</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>NSIDC National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>http://nsidc.org/noaa/</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>Data Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>NSIDC NOAA</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>User Services</Last_Name>
      <Email>nsidc@nsidc.org</Email>
      <Phone>1 303 492-6199 </Phone>
      <Fax>1 303  492-2468 </Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>National Snow and Ice Data Center</Address>
        <Address>CIRES, 449 UCB</Address>
        <Address>University of Colorado</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80309-0449</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Distribution>
    <Distribution_Media>FTP</Distribution_Media>
    <Distribution_Size>18 KB</Distribution_Size>
    <Distribution_Format>ASCII Text</Distribution_Format>
  </Distribution>
  <Reference>Brown, R.D. 2000. Northern Hemisphere snow cover variability and change, 1915-1997. J. Climate 13: 2339-2355.

Brown, R.D. 1997. Historical variability in Northern Hemisphere spring snow covered area. Annals of Glaciology 25: 340-346.

Brown, R.D. and R.O. Braaten, 1998. Spatial and temporal variability of Canadian monthly snow depths, 1946-1995. Atmosphere-Ocean 36: 37-45.  Easterling, D.R., P. Jamason, D. Bowman, P.Y. Hughes and E. H. Mason. 1997. Daily snowdepth  measurements from 195 stations in the United States. ORNL/CDIAC-95, NDP-059.

Frei, A., M.G. Hughes and D.A. Robinson. 1999. North American snow extent: 1910-1994. Int'l. J. Climatology 19: 1517-1534.</Reference>
  <Summary>This data set contains time series of monthly snow cover extent (SCE) for North America, Eurasia, and the Northern Hemisphere from 1915 to 1997, based on snow cover reconstruction and NOAA satellite data.  The reconstruction method used in situ snow depth and daily climate data from the U.S.A., Canada, China, and the former Soviet Union to generate a monthly snow cover index, which was found to be closely related to satellite-derived estimates of SCE in certain months. Brown (2000) describes the method, which is considered to be more robust than SCE reconstruction based on statistical methods (see Brown, 1997; Frei et al., 1999).

In addition, the data set contains time series of annual variation in areally-averaged monthly snow depth and (SWE) for the North American grid domain used to derive the snow cover index.  These provide additional insights into secular changes in snow cover over North America since SCE and depth variations are not always positively correlated.

Data are available via FTP.</Summary>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/g02130.html</URL>
    <Description>Reconstructed North American Snow Extent, 1900-1993</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>VIEW RELATED INFORMATION</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>http://nsidc.org/data/G02131.html</URL>
    <Description>This site provides access to data and documentation.</Description>
  </Related_URL>
  <Metadata_Name>CEOS IDN DIF</Metadata_Name>
  <Metadata_Version>9.7</Metadata_Version>
  <DIF_Creation_Date>2002-01-01</DIF_Creation_Date>
  <Last_DIF_Revision_Date>2013-03-07</Last_DIF_Revision_Date>
  <DIF_Revision_History> Added DOI</DIF_Revision_History>
</DIF>
