G02173Recurring Spring Leads and Landfast Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1993-2004Eicken, H., L. Shapiro, A. G. Gaylord, A. Mahoney, and P. W. Cotter.Recurring Spring Leads and Landfast Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1993-20042009-06-17Boulder, Colorado USANSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center1false10.7265/N5SB43P0https://doi.org/10.7265/N5SB43P0G02173InvestigatorHajoEickenP.O. Box 757320FairbanksAK99775-7320USAInvestigatorLewisShapiroFairbanksAK99775-7320USAInvestigatorAllisonGraves GaylordNunaTech@usa.net1-907-852-48811-907-852-4882P.O. Box 1483HomerAK3Technical ContactNSIDCUser Servicesnsidc@nsidc.org1-303-492-61991-303-492-2468CIRES, 449 UCBUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309-0449USAInvestigatorPWCotterInvestigatorA.MahoneyBoulderCOUSAEARTH SCIENCECryosphereSea IceIce Extent Landfast Ice ExtentEARTH SCIENCEOceansSea IceLeads LEADSEARTH SCIENCECryosphereSea IceLeads LEADSClimatology/Meteorology/AtmosphereAVHRRBeaufort SeaChukchi SeaInfraredlandfast iceLeadsNOAARADARSAT-1Radarsat imagerySAR imagerySea Ice ExtentVisible ImageryAVHRRAdvanced Very High Resolution RadiometerSARSynthetic Aperture RadarNOAA-12National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-12NOAA-14National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-14NOAA-15National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-15NOAA-16National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-16NOAA-17National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-17RADARSAT-11993-12-092004-07-29complete68.4820473.95769-164.08084-129.87714OceanArctic OceanBeaufort SeaOceanArctic OceanChukchi Sea1.1 km1.1 km100 m100 mNote: NSIDC did not perform a quality assessment of the data.
Landfast Ice Extent:
The manual process for identifying landfast ice extent has subjectivity. However, this subjectivity was reduced by using a gradient difference. Refer to the landfast ice extent Data Processing section of this document for more information on the gradient difference.
The following is a list of the quality checks performed on the landfast ice (Mahoney et al. 2005): * Data were checked for adequate coverage over the study area (subregions 2-11).
* Images with a large geolocation error were identified and either corrected or disregarded.
* The geolocation accuracy could create collocation errors of up to 10 pixels or 1 km between parts of two mosaics.
Leads:
The following checks were performed on the AVHRR data:
* Manually examined all scenes and excluded images or image sections with any trace of cloud cover or ambiguous lead/cloud features to keep the potential source of error due to clouds and fog to a minimum.
* Classified lead/ice images were compared to ship-based observations of lead fractions in May and June of 2004 and found to be in reasonable agreement with a deviation of two and one percentage-point, respectively.These data are freely, openly, and fully accessible without restrictions.These data are freely, openly, and fully available to use without restrictions, provided that you cite the data according to the recommended citation at https://nsidc.org/about/use_copyright.html.EnglishNOAANOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationhttp://nsidc.org/noaa/Data Center ContactNOAAUser Servicesnsidc@nsidc.org1-303-492-61991-303-492-2468National Snow and Ice Data CenterCIRES, 449 UCBUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309-0449USAFTP7 - 86 MBMicrosoft AccessFTP15 - 22 KBXMLFTP.1 - 30 MBGeoTIFFFTP.1 - 30 MBJPEGFTP.1 - 30 MBGridFTP.1 - 30 MBArcInfo InterchangeFTP.1 - 30 MBShapefileFTP.1 - 30 MBExcelEicken, H., L. Shapiro, A. G. Gaylord, A. Mahoney, and P. Cotter. 2006. Mapping and Characterization of Recurring Spring Leads and Landfast Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Final Report, Minerals Management Service OCS Study MMS 2005-068.
Eicken, H., R. Gradinger, A. Graves, A. Mahoney, I. Rigor, and H. Melling. 2005. Sediment Transport by Sea Ice in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas: Increasing Importance Due to Changing Ice Conditions? Deep-Sea Research II 52: 3281-3302.
Fett, R. W., R. E. Englebretson, and S. D. Burk. 1997. Technologies for Analyzing Lead Condition in Visible, Infrared and Microwave Satellite Imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 13657-13671.
Key, J. R., R. Stone, J. A. Maslanik, and E. Ellefsen. 1993. The Detectability of Sea-Ice Leads in Satellite Data as a Function of Atmospheric Conditions and Measurement Scale, Annals of Glaciology 17: 227-232.
Kwok, R. and G. F. Cunningham. 1994. Use of Time Series SAR Data to Resolve Ice Type Ambiguities in Newly Opened Leads. IGARSS'94: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data Analysis, and Interpretation: 1024-1026.
Lindsay, R. W. and D. A. Rothrock. 1995. Arctic Sea Ice Leads from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Images. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 4533-4544.
Mahoney, A. 2006. 'Alaska Landfast Sea Ice Dynamics.' Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, August 2006.
Mahoney, A., H. Eicken, L. Shapiro, and A. Graves. 2005. Defining and Locating the Seaward Landfast Ice Edge in Northern Alaska. In: 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, J.P. Dempsey (Editor). POAC '05 Proceedings Volume 3, Potsdam, NY, June 26-30, 2005.
Mahoney, A., H. Eicken, A. G. Gaylord, and L. Shapiro. 2007. Alaska Landfast Sea Ice: Links with Bathymetry and Atmospheric Circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C02001.
Stroeve, J., M. Serreze, S. Drobot, S. Gearheard, M. Holland, J. Maslanik, W. Meier, and T. Scambos. 2008. Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007. EOS, 89(2), 8 January.This data set contains information on recurring spring leads and landfast ice extent in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. This data set maps and documents the spatial and temporal distribution of recurring leads and landfast ice in this area spanning 1993 through 2004 and are based on visible and infrared Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data.VIEW RELATED INFORMATIONhttps://doi.org/10.7265/N5SB43P0DocumentationGET DATAhttps://noaadata.apps.nsidc.org/NOAA/G02173/HTTPSCEOS IDN DIFVERSION 9.92009-06-172023-06-28NSIDCVersion SummaryNSIDCMinor VersionNSIDCCurrent Version1NSIDCLevel of ServiceStandardNSIDCFull Dataset CitationEicken, H., L. Shapiro, A. G. Gaylord, A. Mahoney, and P. W. Cotter. 2009. <i>Recurring Spring Leads and Landfast Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1993-2004.</i> [indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7265/N5SB43P0">https://doi.org/10.7265/N5SB43P0</a>. [Date Accessed].NSIDCRetiredfalseNSIDCRelated Servicesapplication/vnd.nasa.cmr.umm+jsonfalsejroebuckmmt_service_32962S2721063021-NSIDCV0NSIDCV01service2023-06-27T14:22:11.750Zhttps://noaadata.apps.nsidc.org/NSIDCV0_NOAA_Data_HTTPS_File_SystemNOT PROVIDED1NOAA@NSIDC HTTPS File SystemAccess and download NOAA@NSIDC data using a web browser, or through a command line utility such as WGET, or using programming languages such as R or Python.https://nsidc.org/data/user-resources/help-center/how-access-and-download-noaansidc-dataVIEW RELATED INFORMATIONNOAA@NSIDC HTTPS Access GuidePublicationURLUSER SERVICESNSIDC User ServicesEmailnsidc@nsidc.orgDATA ACCESS/RETRIEVALDATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLINGEARTH SCIENCE SERVICESThis is the most current release of this service.AUTHORDEVELOPERPUBLISHERSERVICE PROVIDERNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the National Snow and Ice Data CenterNSIDC_NOAAhttps://cdn.earthdata.nasa.gov/umm/service/v1.4UMM-S1.4https://noaadata.apps.nsidc.org/NOAA/G02173/